Responsible genetic approach to stock restoration, sea ranching and stock enhancement of marine fishes and invertebrates

Grant, W. Stewart; Jasper, James R.; Bekkevold, Dorte; Adkison, Milo D.

doi:10.1007/s11160-017-9489-7

Cited by 73 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 266 publications

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“…Combined with the commonly observed loss of genetic diversity in hatchery‐produced cohorts relative to wild populations of fish and invertebrates (Araki and Schmid , Grant et al. ), our results highlight that hatchery production of highly fecund marine fishes and invertebrates is likely quite vulnerable to the effects of sweepstakes reproduction and population bottlenecks. Further, our results are consistent with previous studies demonstrating the potential for significant kin structure among oysters at small spatial scales despite little population structure at regional scales (Diaz‐Ferguson et al.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Thus, aiming for an ~1:1 broodstock male‐to‐female ratio is a potentially useful method for hatcheries to ensure genetic diversity in their product (Grant et al. ), thereby enhancing initial size and survival.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, Grant et al. ). Such intraspecific variation can be important not only for population performance, but also for community interactions and ecosystem function (Hughes et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Genetic diversity and phenotypic variation within hatchery‐produced oyster cohorts predict size and success in the field

Hughes

Hanley

Byers

et al. 2019

Ecological Applications

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The rapid growth of the aquaculture industry to meet global seafood demand offers both risks and opportunities for resource management and conservation. In particular, hatcheries hold promise for stock enhancement and restoration, yet cultivation practices may lead to enhanced variation between populations at the expense of variation within populations, with uncertain implications for performance and resilience. To date, few studies have assessed how production techniques impact genetic diversity and population structure, as well as resultant trait variation in and performance of cultivated offspring. We collaborated with a commercial hatchery to produce multiple cohorts of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) from field‐collected broodstock using standard practices. We recorded key characteristics of the broodstock (male : female ratio, effective population size), quantified the genetic diversity of the resulting cohorts, and tested their trait variation and performance across multiple field sites and experimental conditions. Oyster cohorts produced under the same conditions in a single hatchery varied almost twofold in genetic diversity. In addition, cohort genetic diversity was a significant positive predictor of oyster performance traits, including initial size and survival in the field. Oyster cohorts produced in the hatchery had lower within‐cohort genetic variation and higher among‐cohort genetic structure than adults surveyed from the same source sites. These findings are consistent with “sweepstakes reproduction” in oysters, even when manually spawned. A readily measured characteristic of broodstock, the ratio of males to females, was positively correlated with within‐cohort genetic diversity of the resulting offspring. Thus, this metric may offer a tractable way both to meet short‐term production goals for seafood demand and to ensure the capacity of hatchery‐produced stock to achieve conservation objectives, such as the recovery of self‐sustaining wild populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic diversity and phenotypic variation within hatchery‐produced oyster cohorts predict size and success in the field

Hughes

Hanley

Byers

et al. 2019

Ecological Applications

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“…However, the efficacy of stock enhancement as a recovery tool for depleted fish stocks is highly uncertain (Grant et al. ) and one of the fundamental uncertainties when considering the use of hatchery fish to rebuild populations is to what extent stocked fish are functionally equivalent to wild fish (Lorenzen et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Population Recovery Characteristics and Potential Recovery Actions for a Long‐Lived Protected Species: A Case History of Gulf Sturgeon in the Apalachicola River

et al. 2020

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In the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, Gulf Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi supported an intense and short‐lived commercial fishery in the early twentieth century. Thereafter, it persisted at very low levels until the fishery was closed by individual U.S. states in the Gulf of Mexico region in the mid‐1980s. Despite the closure of the fishery, the stock has not recovered and there have been threats to population recovery including the potential effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, storm events, and harmful algal blooms. We developed an age‐structured population model for Gulf Sturgeon to examine their population recovery characteristics. We paired this model with simple population reference points to assess the factors that influence the population recovery rate and strategies that resource managers could adopt to promote the recovery of the species. We used the Gulf Sturgeon population in the Apalachicola River as a case history and the date of 2023 that has been identified in Gulf Sturgeon Recovery Plan (GSRP) as the point at which to evaluate recovery, and under current management we predict that (1) age‐4+ Gulf Sturgeon (fish 4 years of age and older) will be approaching 50% of current estimated carrying capacity; (2) the dynamic spawning potential ratio is likely >0.3, suggesting a low chance of recruitment overfishing; (3) the population age structure is likely slowly recovering; (4) the recovery of the Gulf Sturgeon population is sensitive to increases in total mortality; and (5) the estimated values for exploitation rate (UMSY) and biomass at maximum sustainable yield (BMSY) are about 0.058 and 1,859 kg (or <200 age‐4+ fish per year [age‐4 and older fish]), respectively. Our results demonstrate the relative efficacy and influence of various recovery efforts and threats, respectively, and demonstrate that “recovery” is much different when it is based on historic versus currently available habitat. These model results provide reference points for comparing field assessments as part of the planned restoration efforts and upcoming population status reviews for Gulf Sturgeon that are funded as part of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

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“…Many anomalous genotypic and phenotypic traits have been observed in hatchery populations since the early 1980s (Allendorf & Ryman, ). This type of study has been included in recent marine stock enhancement programmes (Grant, Jasper, Bekkevold, & Milo Adkison, ; Kitada et al., ). However, studies on the genetic effects on wild populations have been conducted mainly on salmonids (Araki & Schmid, ), and the focus of marine stock enhancement has often been on broodstock management to maintain genetic variation (Bartley, Bagley, Gall, & Bentley, ; Gruenthal & Drawbridge, ; Taniguchi, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic, ecological and genetic impacts of marine stock enhancement and sea ranching: A systematic review

2018

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Hatchery release is one of the most popular management tools in fisheries, forestry and wild life management, while its negative impacts on wild populations are a global concern. Research and monitoring of its impacts are generally lacking, and the usefulness of hatchery release for fisheries and conservation objectives is unclear. Here, I evaluated positive and negative impacts of worldwide marine stock enhancement and sea ranching programmes in a systematic review associated with meta‐analyses with the goal of reducing bias of the review. Vast numbers of individuals of more than 180 species are released into the wild each year, but most studies are at experimental stages to assess its potential, and empirical studies are sparse for evaluating the impact on fishery production. Most cases are economically unprofitable except for a few successful cases or unevaluated. The effects of releasing juveniles can be dwarfed by the magnitude of natural recruitment when the spawning stock produces much larger recruitment than released juveniles. Density‐dependent growth caused by competition of food can be substantial, and growth rates of hatchery and wild fish and other competitive species can simultaneously be reduced when stocking exceeded the carrying capacity. Relative reproductive success can vary depending on the species, seed quality and environmental factors. Empirical studies show evidence of substantial gene flow from hatcheries, but fitness reduction in stocked populations has not been reported. The results represent the current state of worldwide marine stock enhancement and sea ranching activity and provide key information for growing fields of artificial propagation and conservation.

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Responsible genetic approach to stock restoration, sea ranching and stock enhancement of marine fishes and invertebrates

Cited by 73 publications

References 266 publications

Genetic diversity and phenotypic variation within hatchery‐produced oyster cohorts predict size and success in the field

Genetic diversity and phenotypic variation within hatchery‐produced oyster cohorts predict size and success in the field

Evaluating Population Recovery Characteristics and Potential Recovery Actions for a Long‐Lived Protected Species: A Case History of Gulf Sturgeon in the Apalachicola River

Economic, ecological and genetic impacts of marine stock enhancement and sea ranching: A systematic review

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