“…To start, similar to many past studies (Alqudayri & Gounko, 2018;Bai & Wang, 2022a;Gomes, 2020;Heng, 2018;Hu & Gao, 2021;Igwe et al, 2020;Jackson & Chen, 2018;Ma, 2022;Ogunsanya et al, 2018;Tang et al, 2018), this research reinforces the idea many international students feel ostracized during classroom discussions, because international students need time to articulate their thoughts in English. As well, many past studies document that international students struggle with foreign English accents and/or local accents (Bai & Wang, 2022a;Gomes, 2022;Heng, 2018;Jiang & Altinyelkan, 2022;Lindner & Margetts, 2022;Matsunaga et al, 2021;McGarvey et al, 2021;Ploner, 2018).…”