Responses of the southern stingray (Dasyatis americana) and the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) to permanent magnets

Bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) exclusion properties of the sharksafe barrier and behavioral validation using the ARIS technology

“…These findings suggest that beyond the visual stimuli provided by the columns, the magnetic fields might have enhanced barrier exclusion efficacy, further supporting previous studies on magnetoreception capabilities and magnetic repellent effects on elasmobranchs (Rigg et al, 2009;O'Connell et al, 2010O'Connell et al, , 2011aO'Connell et al, , 2012aO'Connell et al, , 2013a.…”

“…Exploiting an elasmobranch's ability to detect magnetic fields, research demonstrates that supernormal magnetic stimuli, such as those produced by permanent magnets, can elicit repellent responses in elasmobranchs (Stoner and Kaimmer, 2008;Rigg et al, 2009;Robbins et al, 2011;O'Connell et al, 2010O'Connell et al, , 2011aO'Connell et al, , 2012aO'Connell et al, , 2013a. Scientists hypothesize that these responses occur due to flux differentials that exist between permanent magnets and geomagnetic fields.…”

“…For example, grade C8 barium-ferrite permanent magnets generate an approximate surface magnetic flux of 3850 G, where the geomagnetic flux ranges from 0.25 to 0.65 G. Being several orders of magnitude greater in strength, the novel stimulus produced by the permanent magnets is hypothesized to overstimulate the ampullary system and deter approaching elasmobranchs. To date, numerous studies tested this hypothesis and have produced mixed findings (Stoner and Kaimmer, 2008;Rigg et al, 2009;Robbins et al, 2011;O'Connell et al, 2010O'Connell et al, , 2011aO'Connell et al, , 2012bO'Connell et al, , 2013a. Stoner and Kaimmer (2008) examined the behavior of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), a teleost, and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), an elasmobranch, in response to neodymium-iron-boride magnets (Nd 2 Fe 14 B).…”

Hooks equipped with magnets can increase catches of blue shark (Prionace glauca) by longline fishery

“…Indeed, both laboratory experiments and field studies have found the magnets to act as a repellent (i.e. Brill et al, 2009;Rigg et al, 2009;O'Connell et al, 2010O'Connell et al, , 2011aO'Connell et al, ,b, 2014aO'Connell et al, -d, 2015Jordan et al, 2011;Smith and O'Connell, 2014;Rice, 2008;Wang et al, 2008) or an attractor or to be neutral (Stoner and Kaimmer, 2008;Rigg et al, 2009;Jordan et al, 2011;McCutcheon and Kajiura, 2013;Robbins et al, 2011;Tallack and Mandelman, 2009;O'Connell et al, 2011a,d;Hutchinson et al, 2012;Godin Cosandey et al, 2013;Smith, 2013). The same contrast results have been found for different species (both pelagic and benthic).…”

Aversive responses of captive sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus to strong magnetic fields

“…Sharks can detect electric fields that are induced by the reaction of electropositive rare‐earth metal alloys with water (Kaimmer & Stoner, ; Brill et al , ; Tallack & Mandelman, ) and by movements through magnetic fields (Klimley, ; Kalmijn, ; Meyer et al , ; Peters et al , ). Hence, permanent magnets have the potential to deter sharks (Stoner & Kaimmer, ; Rigg et al , ; O'Connell et al , ). The effect of permanent magnets and electropositive metal alloys on the behaviour and by‐catch of sharks has been assessed recently in a range of species, but much variation between species, studies, life stages and magnets or metals has been observed (Table ).…”