Response units in the prediction of simple event patterns.

Reduced Behavioral and Neural Activation in Stimulant Users to Different Error Rates during Decision Making

“…When people are asked to respond on decision-making tasks in the laboratory, subjects typically choose the response which is associated with the highest anticipated reinforcement, i.e. select an action that is most likely to result in a "correct" outcome or yield the highest reward (9)(10)(11). This behavior is consistent with the notion that anticipated "success" or "failure" critically influences decision-making (12).…”

Adults with Autism Show Increased Sensitivity to Outcomes at Low Error Rates During Decision-Making

“…In particular, when the frequency of ''correct'' prediction (error rate) was experimentally controlled in the two-choice prediction task, differential activation was found in the striatum, posterior parietal cortex (Verney, Brown, Frank, & Paulus, 2003), and ACC (Paulus et al, 2002a). Although the outcome of this task is inherently unpredictable, subjects do not select a choice randomly, but rather match the frequency of response alterations to the frequency of errors (Ludvigson, 1966). Previous studies have found that altering the expectation of an outcome can change subsequent response patterns, e.g., an error that occurs infrequently can significantly alter a subject's existing response strategy (Tzelgov, Henik, & Berger, 1992).…”

Error Rate and Outcome Predictability Affect Neural Activation in Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate during Decision-Making

“…Error rate and outcome predictability are central to several psychological models that have been proposed to explain the response selection process during decision-making. When the outcome of a decision is uncertain, subjects typically select the response which is associated with the highest anticipated reinforcement, i.e., how likely the response will lead to a "correct" outcome (Calfee and Atkinson, 1966;Goulet and Barclay, 1967;Ludvigson, 1966). This behavior corresponds to the well-known matching law that has been observed in a large number of animal studies (Herrnstein et al, 1997).…”