Response to a diet low in total fat in women with postmenopausal breast cancer: A pilot study

Boyar, Andrea P.; Rose, David P.; Loughridge, J.R.; Engle, Althea; Palgi, Aviva; Laakso, K.; Kinne, David W.; Wynder, Ernst L.

doi:10.1080/01635588809513975

Cited by 81 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These findings are compatible to those reported by London et al [18] who examined serum hormone levels among premenopausal women. The results of the present study are also compatible with those of several trials in which a low versus high fat diet had virtually no effect on estrone or estradiol levels [19][20][21][22], However, small clinical studies by Adlercreutz [23] and Goldin et al [reviewed in ref. 23] have been interpreted as indicating that a diet high in protein and fat and low in fiber lead to higher plasma levels of biologically active sex hormones.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Diet and Urine Estrogens among Postmenopausal Women

1991

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Creatinine-adjusted levels of estrone, estradiol and estriol were determined in overnight urine specimens from 88 postmenopausal women from Athens, Greece, and were correlated with daily nutrient intakes estimated through a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Although obesity was positively and significantly related to all three urinary estrogens and their total, none of the investigated macro- or micronutrients was significantly or suggestively associated to any of these urinary estrogens, after controlling for energy intake, reproductive and biosocial variables. These results suggest that quantitative rather than qualitative aspects of nutrition affect the levels of postmenopausal estrogens, although endogenous factors could also be responsible for the association of these estrogens with obesity. Alcohol intake was also positively associated with urinary estrogens (mainly estrone and estradiol), after controlling for energy intake, obesity and the other indicated variables.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Diet and Urine Estrogens among Postmenopausal Women

1991

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“…The design of dietary intervention trials in breast cancer patients and in women with high risk for breast cancer have therefore been recommended [13]. Feasibility studies have already started using a reduction in dietary fat intake as one component of the treatment for breast cancer [14,15], as well as for benign breast disease [16,17]. This paper presents a Swedish randomized dietary intervention trial in women operated for breast cancer, testing whether these women can, with nutritional counselling, reduce their dietary fat intake from approximately 38 E% to 20 E% from fat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary intervention as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients — a feasibility study

Holm

Nordevang

et al. 1990

Breast Cancer Res Tr

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To evaluate the feasibility of using a low-fat diet (i.e. 20-25% of energy (E%) as fat) as a component of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer patients, 240 females aged 50-65 years and operated for a stage I-II breast cancer were entered into a randomized study. The intervention group (n = 121) was to reduce dietary fat intake to 20-25 E% and to increase the intake of carbohydrates. Dietary counselling complemented other adjuvant treatments and the patients were followed for two years. No dietary advice was given to patients in the control group (n = 119). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of base-line nutrient intake except for higher energy intake in the control group (p less than 0.05). Only 52% of the patients in the intervention group followed through with the dietary regimen for two years, and 89% of the patients in the control group had a two-year follow-up. Energy intake decreased in both groups after two years, and the difference between the two groups remained (p less than 0.01). Total fat intake decreased from 36.2 E% to 22.2 E% after one year in the intervention group and remained at that level after two years. Total fat intake in the control group decreased by 3.6 E% after two years. The low compliance raises concern about the protocol design. The study nevertheless indicates that a long-term reduction of dietary fat intake can be implemented in breast cancer patients.

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“…However, the 171% increase in mean E2 for a 40% increase in mean weight is larger than would be expected; for example the results of Davidson et al (1981) would predict only an approximately 50% increase in E2 in the British women. It appears, therefore, that another factor or factors must be involved, such as a direct effect of a low-fat diet (Boyar et al, 1988;Prentice et al, 1990). …”

Section: Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain

Key¹,

Chen²,

Wang³

et al. 1990

Br J Cancer

179

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Summary Plasma concentrations of certain hormones linked to breast cancer risk were measured in agepooled samples from 3,250 rural Chinese women in 65 counties, and 300 British women, all aged 35-64. In age-groups 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 respectively, mean oestradiol concentrations were 36% (P = 0.043), 90% (P< 0.001) and 171% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women, and mean testosterone concentrations were 48% (P<0.001), 68% (P<0.001) and 53% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women. The difference in testosterone concentrations between the two countries appeared to be due largely to the lower average body weight in the Chinese women. Sex hormone binding globulin did not differ significantly between the two countries in age groups 35-44 and 45-54, but was 15% (P = 0.002) lower in the British than in the Chinese women at ages 55-64. Prolactin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two countries in any age group.The large international variation in breast cancer rates suggests that it may be possible to reduce the rates in high risk populations (Doll & Peto, 1981), but the reasons for this variation are still not fully understood. Breast cancer risk is clearly related to several reproductive factors (Kelsey, 1979). Pike et al. (1983) showed that the approximately six-fold higher rates of breast cancer in the USA than in Japan were not due to differences in age at first birth, nulliparity or age at menopause, but that differences in age at menarche and post-menopausal weight could explain some 70% of the difference in rates. They suggested that the remaining difference in breast cancer rates may be due to differences in hormone levels in the premenopausal period.The hypothesis that populations with low rates of breast cancer have low levels of oestrogens (and perhaps of other hormones) should be easily testable, but the results of previous studies which compared oestrogen levels in low and high risk populations have been confusing. In an early study, MacMahon and his colleagues found lower levels of urinary oestrone (El) and oestradiol (E2) in premenopausal Oriental women than in premenopausal Western women (MacMahon et al., 1974), but differences in such urinary oestrogens are not necessarily reflected in differences in plasma oestrogens. Moreover, Hayward et al. (1978) concluded from studies of a group of women in Tokyo that there were no striking differences in urinary El or E2 between Japanese and British premenopausal and post-menopausal women, and they reported a similar lack-of difference between the plasma oestrogens of these women. Gray et al. (1982) Methods Subjects: ChinaThe selection of normal subjects and collection of blood in China are described in detail in the monograph by Chen et al. (1990). Briefly, 65 rural counties throughout China were chosen to represent a wide range of mortality rates from seven of the most common cancers: cancers of the nasopharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, colorectum, lung and leukaemia. Two communes were c...

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Response to a diet low in total fat in women with postmenopausal breast cancer: A pilot study

Cited by 81 publications

References 22 publications

Diet and Urine Estrogens among Postmenopausal Women

Diet and Urine Estrogens among Postmenopausal Women

Dietary intervention as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients — a feasibility study

Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain

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