“…Our analyses of the scales of self-esteem and dispositional optimism, using mixture modeling, allowed us to identify this pattern of responses and examine, using removal strategies, its impact on the instrument's psychometric properties, among other characteristics. On the other hand, several authors have proposed different approaches to detect careless responses with scales that contain or do not contain reverse items, including attentional evaluation techniques (bogus or instructed response items; Meade & Craig, 2012;Oppenheimer et al, 2009), evaluation of auxiliary data or paradata (response latencies or fixations; Henninger & Plieninger, 2021;Koutsogiorgi & Michaelides, 2022;Zhang & Conrad, 2014) and detection of outliers or response functions (Curran et al, 2016). However, the evidence shows a series of drawbacks associated with the use and interpretation of these techniques, including the lack of effectiveness and consistency between them due to the arbitrariness with which their cutoff points are defined, depending on the dataset used (Curran, 2016;Nissen et al, 2016) and low sensitivity and specificity for the detection of not completely random response patterns (Meade et al, 2017;Schroeders et al, 2022).…”