Response surface optimization of kraft lignin recovery from pulping wastewater through emulsion liquid membrane process

Abstract

A B S T R A C TKraft lignin (KL) represents a key sustainable source of biomass for transformation into biofuels and high-value specialty chemicals. Excess lignin in pulping wastewater creates pollution problems, hence affecting human. Thus, the KL recovery from pulping wastewater by emulsion liquid membrane was investigated and optimized using response surface methodology in this study. The liquid membrane was prepared by dissolving carrier tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) and hydrophobic surfactant sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) in kerosene (diluent) with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) as the internal stripping phase and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as the modifier. The comparison between the experimentally optimized, and the RSM optimized values was accomplished by optimizing the following parameters: carrier and stripping agent concentration and treat ratio of emulsion to feed phase. The maximum KL recovery of 97% was obtained under the optimum condition at 0.012 M of Aliquat 336, 0.32 M of NaHCO 3 , and 1:4.8 of treat ratio.

Extraction and recovery optimization of succinic acid using green emulsion liquid membrane containing palm oil as the diluent

“…However, a further increase of the treat ratio causes a higher volume of succinic acid to be treated by the emulsion. A similar trend was also reported by Ooi et al [11]. For all levels of treat ratio (1:1-1:5), the percentage of recovery of succinic acid was found to increase with Amberlite LA2 concentration up to a certain level, and then a decrease was observed.…”

“…The process was initiated by placing the emulsion in water bath assisted with ultrasonic vibration for 10 min. Then, it was heated at 70 C [11] for 24 h. The internal phase was collected and appropriate dilution was done for analysis.…”

“…In this study, a promising technology in the separation process called emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is proposed. It was widely studied for various applications such as recovery of precious metal from electroplating wastewater [9], recovery of dye contaminants from wastewater containing tri-dodecyl amine as a mobile carrier [10], recovery of kraft lignin from pulping wastewater [11], and extraction of a pharmaceutical preservative Ethylparaben [12]. The ELM is very unique in the extraction of targeted species that provides several advantages such as large mass transfer area, ease of operation, single step extraction and stripping, low energy consumption, efficient for low solute concentration, and low chemical requirement [13][14][15].…”

Response Surface Optimization of Dysprosium Extraction Using an Emulsion Liquid Membrane Integrated with Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

“…Compared with other liquid membranes, the emulsion liquid membrane has some attractive features such as very high inter-facial area for mass transfer, capability of applying carrier-mediated transport, great potential for treating various compounds in a short time, and low energy consumption [14][15][16].…”

The Role of Internal Droplet Size on Emulsion Stability and the Extraction Performance of Kraft Lignin Removal from Pulping Wastewater in Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process

“…Then, this emulsion is dispersed into the external phase and form water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsion. The main advantages of the ELM process are low energy consumption, minimal use of toxic organic solvents, capability of scaling up, large mass transfer area, capable of applying carrier-mediated transport and able to treat a variety of compound within a short time, which result in a high degree of effectiveness [14,15]. Furthermore, as ELM has shown tremendous potential in a wide variety of industrial separations, thus it was implemented to remove kraft lignin (KL) from pulping wastewater.…”