The Role of Internal Droplet Size on Emulsion Stability and the Extraction Performance of Kraft Lignin Removal from Pulping Wastewater in Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process

Abstract

It has been discovered that the size of internal droplets in primary emulsion determines emulsion dispersion and stability in emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process for removal of lignin from pulping wastewater. Generally, primary emulsion contains kerosene, Aliquat 336, sodium bicarbonate, as well as Span 80 as diluent, carrier, internal phase, and surfactant respectively. Hence, this study had looked into the parameters, including concentration of surfactant, carrier, and stripping agent; emulsification speed and time; as well as agitation speed and time. As a result, the diameter of the smallest droplets (1.4μm) was formed with maximum lignin extraction (95%), minimum swelling (5%) at 3%(w/v) surfactant concentration, 12000 rpm of emulsification within 5 min, 0.01M of Aliquat 336, 0.1M of NaHCO 3, and 250 rpm of extraction within 10 min.

Investigation of experimental results and D-optimal design of hafnium ion extraction from aqueous system using emulsion liquid membrane technique

“…On the other hand, the membrane stability decreases with further increase in the concentration of HCl solution from 0.8 to 1 M. It should be noted that at high concentrations of HCl, the decrease in emulsion stability may be due to the increased interaction between HCL and surfactant. Therefore, an increase in the concentration of the internal phase causes the osmotic swelling of the internal phase (stripping) resulting in destabilization of the emulsion [67]. The optimum concentration of the internal phase to yield a stable emulsion was found to be equal to 0.8 M.…”

Pertraction of Vanadium(V) from Dilute Acidic Media by an Emulsion Liquid Membrane Containing a Commercial Extractant

“…The emulsification speed during the preparation of the primary W/O emulsion affects the internal droplet size and emulsion stability [30,71,72]. However, in some cases it seems that emulsification speed exceeding a certain value increases the droplet size and makes the emulsion unstable [68].…”

Simplified, Shear Induced Generation of Double Emulsions for Robust Compartmentalization during Single Genome Analysis

“…Droplet microfluidics has established itself for studying biological and biochemical systems with high throughput and low cost. − By forming millions of near-identical water in oil droplets, samples are partitioned enabling in-drop directed evolution, high throughput screening, , and single-molecule or single-cell analysis. − These foundational techniques rely upon the efficient compartmentalization enabled by monodisperse SE droplets, however, SE stability remains a persistent challenge . Despite the significant effort that has been devoted to developing surfactants that stabilize SE droplets during incubation, thermal cycling, reinjection, and other drop manipulations, droplet merging cannot be fully avoided. − Drop coalescence is known to vary with drop size , aqueous phase composition, − surfactant composition, , thermal gradients, , and shear stress . The extent of drop merging can even vary significantly between experimental replicates as shown in Figure S1.…”

“…10 Despite the significant effort that has been devoted to developing surfactants that stabilize SE droplets during incubation, thermal cycling, reinjection, and other drop manipulations, droplet merging cannot be fully avoided. 11−13 Drop coalescence is known to vary with drop size 14,15 aqueous phase composition, 16−18 surfactant composition, 11,12 thermal gradients, 19,20 and shear stress. 21 The extent of drop merging can even vary significantly between experimental replicates 17 as shown in Figure S1.…”