Response: Accuracy, Arsenic, and Cancer

Abstract

Correspondence 6. OMOE. Organic vs. inorganic arsenic in selected food samples. Report No. 87-48-45000-057. Toronto, Ontario:Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Hazardous Contaminants Coordination Branch, 1987. 7. Sanders JG. The concentration and speciation of arsenic in marine macro-algae. Estuarine Coast Mar Sci 9:95-99 (1979). 8. Pyles RA, Woolson EA. Quantitation and characterization of arsenic compounds in vegetables grown in arsenic acid treated soil. J Agric Food Chem 30:866-870 (1982). 9. OMOE. Draft criteria document for arsenic standards. Toronto, Ontario:Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Hazardous Contaminants Coordination Branch, February 1987. 10. Guthrie HA. Introductory nutrition. St. Louis, MO:C.U. Mosby Company, 1983. 11. Epstein Y, Sohar E. Fluid balance in hot climates: sweating, water intake, and prevention of dehydration. Public Health Rev 13:115-137 (1985). 12. Hubbard RH, Armstrong LE. The heat illnesses: biochemical, ultrastructural, and fluid electrolyte considerations. In: Human performance physiology and environmental medicine at terrestrial extremes (Pandolph KB, Sawka MN, Gonzalez RR, eds). Indianapolis, IN:Benchmark Press, 1988;305-359. 13. GreenleafJE, Averkin EG, Sargent F II. Water consumption by man in a warm environment: a statistical analysis. J Appl Physiol 21:93-98 (1966). 14. Szlyk PC, Hubbard RW, Matthews WT. Mechanisms of voluntary dehydration among troops in the field. Mil Med 152:405-407 (1987). 15. Szlyk PC, Sils IV, Francesconi RP, Hubbard RW. Patterns of human drinking: effects of exercise, water temperature, and food consumption. Aviat Space Environ Med 61:43-48 (1990). 16. Pitts GC, Johnson RE, Consalazio FC. Work in the heat as affected by intake ofwater, salt, and glucose. AmJ Physiol 142:253-259 (1944). 17. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. Sustaining health and performance in the desert: a pocket guide to environmental medicine for operations in Southwest Asia. Technical Note No. 91-2. Natick, MA-U.S. Army, 1990.

Dietary Intake and Arsenic Methylation in a U.S. Population

“…It has been hypothesized that the Taiwanese populations were particularly susceptible to the health impacts of arsenic as a result of their poor diets, and therefore, the results of studies done in Taiwan may not be relevant to better-fed populations such as those in the United States (Carlson-Lynch et al 1994; NRC 2001). Although several dietary variables have been mentioned as part of this hypothesis, much of the past debate on this issue was based on whether or not people with low dietary intakes of protein had sufficient amounts of choline, methionine, or cysteine to fully metabolize InAs to DMA (Beck et al 1995; Brown and Beck 1996; Carlson-Lynch et al 1994; Engel and Receveur 1993; Mushak and Crocetti 1995, 1996; Slayton et al 1996). Although the adequacy of the Taiwanese diet is debatable, studies done in experimental animals have shown that severe protein deficiencies can impair arsenic methylation and excretion (Tice et al 1997; Vahter and Marafante 1987).…”