Respiratory functions of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and sternohyoid muscles during sleep

Sherrey, J.H.; Pollard, Marcus J.; Megirian, D.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(86)90140-8

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The SIL in the rostral NMC may play an important role in the maintenance of upper-airway patency. Since the muscle fibers in the upper portion of the IPC are directed more rostrally, their contraction would generate a longitudinal tension in the pharynx which may act to dilate or at least increase the rigidity of the pharynx, thus preventing the pharyngeal tube from collapse with inspiratory negative pressure (Sherrey et al, 1986;Kuna and Vanoye, 1999;Kuna, 2000). In addition, contraction of the IPC also generates a radial force whose direction depends upon airway volume.…”

Section: Sil and Fol In The Human Ipc Musclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well recognized that the IPC plays an important role in upper-airway functions during swallowing (Basmajian and Dutta, 1961a;Kawasaki et al, 1964;Elidan et al, 1990), respiration (Rowe et al, 1984;Sherrey et al, 1986;Praud et al, 1996;O'Halloran et al, 1999;Feroah et al, 2000), and voice production (Ueda et al, 1972;Shin et al, 1981).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In awake dogs (Kawasaki et al, 1964) and cats (Murakami and Kirchner, 1974), the IPC exhibits tonic activity throughout the entire respiratory cycle, with a phasic increase during expiration. However, in rats the IPC is active in the inspiratory phase without tonic activity during sleep (Sherrey et al, 1986). These observations suggest that the IPC muscle participates in respiration and probably plays an important role in maintaining patency of the potentially collapsible pharyngeal airway (Sherrey et al, 1986;Badr et al, 1995;Kuna, 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in rats the IPC is active in the inspiratory phase without tonic activity during sleep (Sherrey et al, 1986). These observations suggest that the IPC muscle participates in respiration and probably plays an important role in maintaining patency of the potentially collapsible pharyngeal airway (Sherrey et al, 1986;Badr et al, 1995;Kuna, 2000).…”

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Neuromuscular compartments and fiber‐type regionalization in the human inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Sanders

2001

Anat. Rec.

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The inferior pharyngeal constrictor (IPC) muscle functions during swallowing, respiration, and vocalization. The most-caudal portion of the IPC is believed to be part of the functional upper esophageal sphincter (UES). We hypothesized that the caudal fibers of the human IPC may have enzyme-histochemical characteristics similar to those of the cricopharyngeus muscle, a major component of the UES. In this study, human IPC muscles obtained from autopsy were studied using Sihler's stain to examine innervation patterns, and using myofibrillar ATPase, NADH tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) techniques to investigate the distribution and oxidative capacity of the slow-(type I) and fast-(type II) twitch fibers in the muscle. The results showed that the human IPC consists of at least two neuromuscular compartments (NMCs): rostral and caudal. Each of the NMCs was innervated by a separate nerve branch derived from the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve. The rostral NMC is faster (39% type I, 61% type II) than the caudal NMC (70% type I, 30% type II). In addition, two histochemically-delineated fiber layers were identified in the human IPC: a slow inner layer (SIL) with predominantly type I fibers (66%), and a fast outer layer (FOL) with predominantly type II fibers (62%) (P Ͻ 0.01). However, the dimensions of both fiber layers and proportions of the muscle fiber types varied with the NMCs. Specifically, the ratio of the thickness of the SIL to FOL was ϳ2:1 for the caudal NMC and ϳ1:2 for the rostral NMC, respectively. In the SIL the type I fibers accounted for 84% for the caudal NMC and 69% and 44% for the lower and upper portions of the rostral NMC. In contrast, the type II fibers in the FOL accounted for 46% for the caudal NMC and 67% and 74% for the lower and upper portions of the rostral NMC, respectively (P Ͻ 0.01). The caudal NMC of the IPC shared histochemical characteristics with the cricopharyngeus muscle, in that it contained predominantly slow oxidative fibers. Overall, the caudal NMC and the SIL in the IPC had high NADH-TR and SDH activities. However, different patterns of oxidative enzyme activity were identified in both type I and type II fibers. This study provided histochemical evidence for the concept that the caudal NMC within the IPC contributes to the functional UES. In addition, the two histochemically-defined fiber layers in the IPC may be a specialized adaptation in humans to enable different upper-airway functions during respiration, swallowing, and speech. Anat

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Section: Sil and Fol In The Human Ipc Musclementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Neuromuscular compartments and fiber‐type regionalization in the human inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Sanders

2001

Anat. Rec.

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“…pper airway dilator muscles exhibit phasic activity during inspiration [1,2]. In synergy with the diaphragm, these muscles contribute to upper airway patency during breathing in awake and sleeping subjects [3].…”

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Growth hormone excess and sternohyoid muscle mechanics in rats

Attal¹,

Claes²,

Bobin³

et al. 2009

European Respiratory Journal

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In vitro isotonic and isometric mechanical properties of the sternohyoid (SH) muscle, an upper airway dilator muscle, were studied in rats with a growth hormone (GH)-secreting tumour (GH tumour group; n510). The effects of muscle fatigue were also studied.Stress and shortening were measured in muscles contracting from zero load up to isometric load under tetanic conditions. Isometric stress and maximum unloaded shortening velocity were determined and compared with values obtained from control rats (n510). Crossbridge kinetics and energetics and mechanical efficiency were calculated from Huxley's equations.Compared with controls, isometric stress, mechanical efficiency, crossbridge number and crossbridge single force were lower in the GH tumour group. The probability of crossbridge being in the power stroke configuration was lower in the GH tumour group than in controls. Muscle fatigue significantly impaired maximal muscle efficiency and crossbridge single force in the GH tumour group but not in controls.In conclusion, mechanical and energetic properties of the SH muscle and crossbridge properties were worse in the GH tumour group than in controls. This may partly account for impairment of the upper airway dilator muscle function and the increased occurrence of obstructive sleep apnoea in acromegaly.

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Neural Control of the Upper Airway: Respiratory and State‐Dependent Mechanisms

Kubin

2016

Comprehensive Physiology

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Upper airway muscles subserve many essential for survival orofacial behaviors, including their important role as accessory respiratory muscles. In the face of certain predisposition of craniofacial anatomy, both tonic and phasic inspiratory activation of upper airway muscles is necessary to protect the upper airway against collapse. This protective action is adequate during wakefulness, but fails during sleep which results in recurrent episodes of hypopneas and apneas, a condition known as the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA). Although OSA is almost exclusively a human disorder, animal models help unveil the basic principles governing the impact of sleep on breathing and upper airway muscle activity. This article discusses the neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and neurophysiology of the different neuronal systems whose activity changes with sleep-wake states, such as the noradrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, orexinergic, histaminergic, GABAergic and glycinergic, and their impact on central respiratory neurons and upper airway motoneurons. Observations of the interactions between sleep-wake states and upper airway muscles in healthy humans and OSA patients are related to findings from animal models with normal upper airway, and various animal models of OSA, including the chronic-intermittent hypoxia model. Using a framework of upper airway motoneurons being under concurrent influence of central respiratory, reflex and state-dependent inputs, different neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides are considered as either causing a sleep-dependent withdrawal of excitation from motoneurons or mediating an active, sleep-related inhibition of motoneurons. Information about the neurochemistry of state-dependent control of upper airway muscles accumulated to date reveals fundamental principles and may help understand and treat OSA.

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Respiratory functions of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and sternohyoid muscles during sleep

Cited by 32 publications

References 16 publications

Neuromuscular compartments and fiber‐type regionalization in the human inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Neuromuscular compartments and fiber‐type regionalization in the human inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Growth hormone excess and sternohyoid muscle mechanics in rats

Neural Control of the Upper Airway: Respiratory and State‐Dependent Mechanisms

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