Resolving the unresolved complex mixture in motor oils using high-performance liquid chromatography followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

D, Mao; Weghe, Hendrik Van De; Lookman, Richard; Vanermen, Guido; Brucker, Nicole De; Diels, Ludo

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2008.08.021

Cited by 51 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In addition, MOH can be identified by the presence of marker compounds like hopanes, steranes, and other special constituents only found in mineral oils or diisopropyl naphthalene (DIPN), which is found together with mineral oils from recycled card boards . The identification of the contamination source is often achieved by specialized GC × GC analysis systems .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils

Brühl

2016

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminations can often be found in oilseeds, oils, and fats as these matrices are good keepers to accumulate them from all kind of sources along the production chain. In addition, seeds and vegetable oils contain naturally occurring hydrocarbons in various compositions. These naturally hydrocarbons can serve for a proof of authentication and they have to be taken into account for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons as contaminants. In this review, the many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and reported data for contaminated vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, and palm oil and in addition raw materials and feed are focused on. This is of special importance for the food survey and for the production as it is a challenging task to survey the many routes of contamination along the production chain and during storage in order to improve the food quality. There is still discussion where to fix a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats, where levels are often very high compared to levels found for migration from packaging materials into low fat products. For the later ones draft limits have been discussed, but it will be a challenge to reduce mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination in oils and fats to a similar extend. In addition, the determination of low levels of hydrocarbon contamination is demanding and validation of sophisticated coupled LC–GC methods in collaborative trials is still in development. Practical applications: An overview about the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminations of oilseeds, oils, and fats is given. For seeds and vegetable oils also contain naturally occurring hydrocarbons in various compositions, reference data on these naturally hydrocarbons are provided. The many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, and palm oil and in addition raw materials and feed are focused on. The arguments for a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats are discussed. Analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination of oilseeds, oils, and fats is reviewed. Reference data on naturally hydrocarbons are provided, which occur in various compositions. The many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, palm oil, raw materials, and feed are focused on. The arguments for a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils

Brühl

2016

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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“…[4] The UCM is thought to contain a large number of constitutional isomers, most of which are linear (also termed straight-chained or normal), branched, and/or cyclic alkanes [Mao et al, 2009]. In contrast, aromatic compounds comprise only a minor fraction of the UCM [Van Deursen et al, 2000].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed chemical characterization of unresolved complex mixtures in atmospheric organics: Insights into emission sources, atmospheric processing, and secondary organic aerosol formation

et al. 2013

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[1] Recent studies suggest that semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are important precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban atmospheres. However, knowledge of the chemical composition of SVOCs is limited by current analytical techniques, which are typically unable to resolve a large number of constitutional isomers. Using a combination of gas chromatography and soft photoionization mass spectrometry, we characterize the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of semivolatile aliphatic hydrocarbons observed in Pasadena, California (~16 km NE of downtown Los Angeles), and Bakersfield, California, during the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change 2010. To the authors' knowledge, this work represents the most detailed characterization of the UCM in atmospheric samples to date. Knowledge of molecular structures, including carbon number, alkyl branching, and number of rings, provides important constraints on the rate of atmospheric processing, as the relative amounts of branched and linear alkanes are shown to be a function of integrated exposure to hydroxyl radicals. Emissions of semivolatile branched alkanes from fossil fuel-related sources are up to an order of magnitude higher than those of linear alkanes, and the gas-phase OH rate constants of branched alkanes are~30% higher than their linear isomers. Based on a box model considering gas/particle partitioning, emissions, and reaction rates, semivolatile branched alkanes are expected to play a more important role than linear alkanes in the photooxidation of the UCM and subsequent transformations into SOA. Detailed speciation of semivolatile compounds therefore provides essential understanding of SOA sources and formation processes in urban areas.Citation: Chan, A. W. H., et al. (2013), Detailed chemical characterization of unresolved complex mixtures in atmospheric organics: Insights into emission sources, atmospheric processing, and secondary organic aerosol formation, J. Geophys.

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“…According to the chemical properties of the different compounds, the software can classify them into certain groups, generating the corresponding number and peak area in the peak table. In the data processing results of GC × GC-FID, because the response factor of the FID detector toward all the hydrocarbons was close to 1 [40][41][42], the quantification of compounds was achieved by means of peak area normalization. This means the ratio between the area of one certain compound and the total area of all the aromatic hydrocarbons equals the weight percentage of this compound.…”

Section: Quantitative Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into unresolved complex mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy oil via two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis

Weng

Wan

Wang

et al. 2015

Journal of Chromatography A

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Resolving the unresolved complex mixture in motor oils using high-performance liquid chromatography followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Cited by 51 publications

References 16 publications

Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils

Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils

Detailed chemical characterization of unresolved complex mixtures in atmospheric organics: Insights into emission sources, atmospheric processing, and secondary organic aerosol formation

Insight into unresolved complex mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy oil via two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis

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