Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils

Abstract

Mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminations can often be found in oilseeds, oils, and fats as these matrices are good keepers to accumulate them from all kind of sources along the production chain. In addition, seeds and vegetable oils contain naturally occurring hydrocarbons in various compositions. These naturally hydrocarbons can serve for a proof of authentication and they have to be taken into account for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons as contaminants. In this review, the many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and reported data for contaminated vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, and palm oil and in addition raw materials and feed are focused on. This is of special importance for the food survey and for the production as it is a challenging task to survey the many routes of contamination along the production chain and during storage in order to improve the food quality. There is still discussion where to fix a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats, where levels are often very high compared to levels found for migration from packaging materials into low fat products. For the later ones draft limits have been discussed, but it will be a challenge to reduce mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination in oils and fats to a similar extend. In addition, the determination of low levels of hydrocarbon contamination is demanding and validation of sophisticated coupled LC–GC methods in collaborative trials is still in development. Practical applications: An overview about the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminations of oilseeds, oils, and fats is given. For seeds and vegetable oils also contain naturally occurring hydrocarbons in various compositions, reference data on these naturally hydrocarbons are provided. The many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, and palm oil and in addition raw materials and feed are focused on. The arguments for a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats are discussed. Analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination of oilseeds, oils, and fats is reviewed. Reference data on naturally hydrocarbons are provided, which occur in various compositions. The many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, palm oil, raw materials, and feed are focused on. The arguments for a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats are discussed.

Evaluation of hydrocarbon contaminants in olives and virgin olive oils from Tunisia

“…Storage of pomace under inadequate conditions contributes to increase the MOH load (Moret, Populin, Conte, Grob, Neukom, 2003). Use of mineral oil based pesticide, mechanical harvesting, contact with lubricatings used for maintenance of extraction plant, transport in jute bags, are some of the possible sources of contamination for MOH Brühl, 2016).…”

Chemische en fysische gevaren in de Nederlandse diervoederketen

“…Verwerking plantaardige producten, 2 e fase Bij de verwerking van plantaardige producten kan besmetting optreden tijdens processing, zoals besmetting van condensaten van fysische raffinage van plantaardige oliën of andere reststromen (Brühl, 2016;EFSA, 2012).…”

Analytical Methods for the Determination of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) and Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH)—A Short Review

“…41 Another well-structured review of the mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils was published in 2016 and also for hydrocarbon contamination in foods. 66,67 Epoxidation step to remove naturally occurring olefins. Olefins can interfere with the chromatographic pattern.…”