Resolving power of 35,000 (5 mA) in the extreme ultraviolet employing a grazing incidence spectrometer

High-resolution, high-transmission soft x-ray spectrometer for the study of biological samples

“…It features a spherical mirror M and a VLS grating G in inner (positive) diffraction order geometry. This combination, albeit for outer order geometry, was originally proposed by Hettrick and Underwood [12][13][14][15][16] and allows the use of the detector D in normal incidence geometry, thereby yielding optimal quantum efficiency of the CCD detector. A variable aperture A can be used to mask the mirror, which reduces imaging aberrations at the cost of vertical acceptance angle.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] ) are based on a grazing incidence spherical grating Rowland circle design 6 . Novel concepts often make use of variable line-space (VLS) gratings [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . In order to enable XES/RIXS studies of organic and biological samples, we have designed a VLS spectrometer based on the work of Hettrick and Underwood [12][13][14][15][16] .…”

“…Novel concepts often make use of variable line-space (VLS) gratings [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . In order to enable XES/RIXS studies of organic and biological samples, we have designed a VLS spectrometer based on the work of Hettrick and Underwood [12][13][14][15][16] . Since organic materials mostly consist of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms, the spectrometer is optimized for the S L 2,3 (150 eV), C K (280 eV), N K (400 eV), and O K (525 eV) edges.…”

Design of a Holographically Recorded Plane Grating with a Varied Line Spacing for a Soft X-ray Grazing-Incidence Monochromator

“…Among them, Hettrick, Underwood, Batson & Eckart (1988) proposed a monochromator system of the Monk-Gillieson mounting (Monk, 1928;Gillieson, 1949) combined with a varied-linespacing (VLS) plane grating. This type of grazing-incidence monochromator is capable of providing a stable monochromatic beam and high resolving power because scanning the photon energy does not require any linear translation of all the optical elements but only the rotation of the grating.…”

Innovative diffraction gratings for high-resolution resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering spectroscopy

“…In the orthogonal field, the input beam is focused to 2 microns FWHM. This narrow source acts as the virtual entrance slit of a conventional Hettrick-Underwood VLS spectrograph [2], that disperses and focuses the outgoing scattered photons. The system requires achromatic flat field imaging of the sample plane to the detector plane, and this will be accomplished with a hyperbolic -elliptical mirror pair.…”