Resistome Study in Aquatic Environments

Abstract

Since the first discovery of antibiotics, introduction of new antibiotics has been coupled with the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Rapid dissemination of ARB and ARGs in the aquatic environments has become a global concern. ARB and ARGs have been already disseminated in the aquatic environments via various routes. Main hosts of most of ARGs were found to belong to Gammaproteobacteria class, including clinically important potential pathogens. Transmission of ARGs also occurs by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mechanisms between bacterial strains in the aquatic environments, resulting in ubiquity of ARGs. Thus, a few of ARGs and MGEs ( e.g. , strA , sul1 , int1 ) have been suggested as indicators for global comparability of contamination level in the aquatic environments. With ARB and ARGs contamination, the occurrence of critical pathogens has been globally issued due to their widespread in the aquatic environments. Thus, active surveillance systems have been launched worldwide. In this review, we described advancement of methodologies for ARGs detection, and occurrence of ARB and ARGs and their dissemination in the aquatic environments. Even though numerous studies have been conducted for ARB and ARGs, there is still no clear strategy to tackle antibiotic resistance (AR) in the aquatic environments. At least, for consistent surveillance, a strict framework should be established for further research in the aquatic environments.

Phenotypic and genomic characterization of a non‐pathogenic Epilithonimonas ginsengisoli isolated from diseased farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Chile

“…(FP105 and FP233‐J200) that were isolated from Chilean rainbow trout farms (Concha et al., 2021) and (ii) Chryseobacterium balustinum recovered from rainbow trout in the UK (Verner‐Jeffreys et al., 2017). Considering that oxytetracycline is the most widely used antimicrobial in the freshwater phase of salmonid farming in Chile, the increasing detection of tet (X)‐carrying flavobacterial representatives suggests a growing risk of therapeutic failure and prompts the need for continuous monitoring of this gene, which could spread easily in the freshwater fish‐farming environment (Shin et al., 2023). In a previous study, the tet (X) gene was detected in the bacterial isolates FP105 and FP233‐J200 isolated from a fin lesion (FP105) and the kidney (FP223‐J200) of diseased rainbow trout positively diagnosed with flavobacteriosis and sampled from two freshwater Chilean farms located in the south of Chile (Llanquihue Lake and Cude River , respectively) (Ayala et al., 2017; Concha et al., 2021).…”

Monitoring indicator genes to assess antimicrobial resistance contamination in phytoplankton and zooplankton communities from the English Channel and the North Sea

“…The tetA and bla TEM genes, coding for tetracycline and β-lactam resistance respectively, were the least detected and quantified indicators. These two genes, along with sul1 and intI1 , are considered ubiquitous in aquatic environments (Shin et al, 2023 ). Their low detection in plankton samples compared to sul1 and intI1 could be explained by the fact that these two genes are present at a concentration below the limit of quantification of qPCR reactions.…”

Hazardous pollutants in agricultural soil and environment

“…The occurrence of ARGs viz. bla (bla CTX-M , bla TEM ), tet (tetO, tetQ, tetW), sul (sul1, sul2), and ermB has been reported from ARB present in the riverine systems, municipal wastewater treatment plants, pharmaceutical industries effluents, and irrigated soils (Karkman et al, 2018;Grenni, 2022;Cho et al, 2023;Shin et al, 2023). Therefore, there is an urgent need for environmental monitoring of ARB and ARGs in aquatic environments for limiting the transmission of antibiotic resistance.…”