Resistance Training Practices of Sprint Coaches

Healy, Robin; Kenny, Ian C.; Harrison, Andrew J.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002992

Cited by 20 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Combined methods training includes both specific sprint training (primary and or secondary methods) and tertiary methods. Researchers, elite coaches, track and field sprinting coaches and team sports strength and conditioning coaches have suggested utilising an integrated approach utilising a combination of specific and non-specific methods is likely to be the most effective way to develop speed [16,43,204,217,[253][254][255]. Elite coaches suggest a combined training approach using non-specific strength training or developing "gym strength" (e.g., heavy back squats) in conjunction with resisted sport-specific actions (e.g., resisted sprinting with sleds) would increase the chances of positive transfer [256].…”

Section: Combined Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research has identified researchers, elite coaches, track and field sprinting coaches and team sport strength and conditioning coaches have suggested utilising an integrated approach utilising a combination of specific and nonspecific training performed individually in separate sessions or combinations (e.g., complex or contrast sets) to develop multiple physical qualities and skills simultaneously [16,43,204,217,[253][254][255]. Therefore, further research would be better suited to manipulating the combinations, sequencing and loading parameters of combined specific and non-specific methods to enhance sprint performance longitudinally.…”

Section: Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2020

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Background Short-sprint (≤ 20 m) performance is an important quality for success in the football codes. Therefore, developing an evidence base for understanding training methods to enhance short-sprint performance is key for practitioners. However, current systematic reviews are limited by (1) a lack of focus on football code athletes, (2) a lack of consideration of all training modalities and (3) a failure to account for the normal training practices undertaken by intervention groups within their analysis. Therefore, this review aimed to (1) conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature evaluating training interventions upon short-sprint performance within football code athletes, (2) undertake a meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of change of sport-sprint performance following training interventions and (3) identify how moderator variables affect the training response. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to establish standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (primary, secondary, combined-specific, tertiary and combined training methods) on short-sprint performance while considering moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season). Results 121 studies met the inclusion criteria, totalling 3419 athletes. Significant improvements (small-large) were found between pre- and post-training in short-sprint performance for the combined, secondary, tertiary and combined-specific training methods. No significant effect was found for primary or sport only training. No individual mode was found to be the most effective. Between-subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, playing standard and phase of season all moderated the overall magnitude of training effects. Conclusions This review provides the largest systematic review and meta-analysis of short-sprint performance development methods and the only one to assess football code athletes exclusively. Practitioners can apply combined, secondary and tertiary training methods to improve short-sprint performance within football code athletes. The application of sport only and primary methods does not appear to improve short-sprint performance. Regardless of the population characteristics, short-sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either or both the magnitude and the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action. Trial Registration OSF registration https://osf.io/kshqn/.

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Section: Combined Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2020

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“…Combined methods training includes both specific sprint training (primary and or secondary methods) and tertiary methods, recommended by researchers and sprint and football code practitioners to develop sprint performance [24,32,133,[192][193][194]. This combination of both training methods enables practitioners to provide stimuli to develop both mechanical efficiency and the maximal physical capabilities of the lower limb concurrently [110,169,170,195].…”

Section: Combined Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Training of Medium- to Long-Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Background Within the football codes, medium-distance (i.e., > 20 m and ≤ 40 m) and long-distance (i.e., > 40 m) sprint performance and maximum velocity sprinting are important capacities for success. Despite this, no research has identified the most effective training methods for enhancing medium- to long-distance sprint outcomes. Objectives This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to (1) analyse the ability of different methods to enhance medium- to long-distance sprint performance outcomes (0–30 m, 0 to > 30 m, and the maximum sprinting velocity phase [Vmax]) within football code athletes and (2) identify how moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season) affected the training response. Methods We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases and performed a random-effects meta-analysis (within-group changes and pairwise between-group differences) to establish standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals and 95% prediction intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (sport only; primary, secondary, tertiary, and combined training methods) on medium- to long-distance sprint performance while considering moderator variables. Results In total, 60 studies met the inclusion criteria (26 with a sport-only control group), totalling 111 intervention groups and 1500 athletes. The within-group changes design reported significant performance improvements (small–moderate) between pre- and post-training for the combined, secondary (0–30 and 0 to > 30 m), and tertiary training methods (0–30 m). A significant moderate improvement was found in the Vmax phase performance only for tertiary training methods, with no significant effect found for sport only or primary training methods. The pairwise between-group differences design (experimental vs. control) reported favourable performance improvements (large SMD) for the combined (0 to > 30 m), primary (Vmax phase), secondary (0–30 m), and tertiary methods (all outcomes) when compared with the sport-only control groups. Subgroup analysis showed that the significant differences between the meta-analysis designs consistently demonstrated a larger effect in the pairwise between-group differences than the within-group change. No individual training mode was found to be the most effective. Subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, and phase of season moderated the overall magnitude of training effects. Conclusions This review provides the first systematic review and meta-analysis of all sprint performance development methods exclusively in football code athletes. Secondary, tertiary, and combined training methods appeared to improve medium-long sprint performance of football code athletes. Tertiary training methods should be implemented to enhance Vmax phase performance. Nether sport-only nor primary training methods appeared to enhance medium to long sprint performance. Performance changes may be attributed to either adaptations specific to the acceleration or Vmax phases, or both, but not exclusively Vmax. Regardless of the population characteristics, sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either the magnitude or the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action, or both. Trial Registration OSF registration https://osf.io/kshqn/.

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“…Open-ended response questions were assessed using thematic analysis [18], with the following six-stage process: (a) familiarization with the data; (b) generating initial codes; (c) searching for themes; (d) reviewing themes; (e) defining and naming themes; and (f) producing the report. This method of thematic analysis has been previously used in studies surveying S&C coaches [15][16][17]19,20]. Thereafter, overarching clear and identifiably distinct themes, representing the main ideas or patterns emerging from the raw data were generated for each question.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength and Conditioning Practices and Perspectives of Volleyball Coaches and Players

Weldon

Mak

Wong

et al. 2021

Sports

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To the authors’ knowledge this is the first study to describe the strength and conditioning (S&C) practices and perspectives of volleyball coaches and players. In total, 30 volleyball coaches (mean age 34.47 ± 7.83 years and coaching experience 19.57 ± 8.28 years), and 30 volleyball players (mean age 22.03 ± 4.43 years and playing experience 10.43 ± 8.98 years) completed an online survey with six sections: (a) informed consent; (b) background information; (c) education, qualifications, and prescription; (d) views on S&C; (e) exercise selection and preferences; and (f) issues and improvements. Frequency analysis was used to report responses to fixed-response questions and thematic-analysis for open-ended questions. While only one participant possessed an S&C certification, S&C was deemed ‘important’ to ‘very important’ for volleyball skills, physical fitness, and injury parameters. However, due to a reported lack of expertise, there appeared to be a theoretical understanding to practice gap. Furthermore, the implementation of S&C was considerably hindered by a lack of time, facilities, and equipment. National sports associations, coaches, and players can use the information within this study to provide an understanding of the current practices and perspectives of S&C in volleyball. While also promoting future developments in S&C research and practice in volleyball.

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Resistance Training Practices of Sprint Coaches

Cited by 20 publications

References 42 publications

The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Training of Medium- to Long-Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Strength and Conditioning Practices and Perspectives of Volleyball Coaches and Players

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