Resistance to the Insulin and Elevated Level of Androgen: A Major Cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Abstract

PCOS has a wide range of negative impacts on women’s health and is one of the most frequent reproductive systemic endocrine disorders. PCOS has complex characteristics and symptom heterogeneity due to the several pathways that are involved in the infection and the absence of a comm14on cause. A recent study has shown that the main etiology and endocrine aspects of PCOS are the increased level of androgen, which is also known as “hyperandrogenemia (HA)” and secondly the “insulin resistance (IR)”. The major underlying cause of the polycystic ovary is these two IR and HA, by initiating the disease and its severity or duration. As a consequence, study on Pathogenesis is crucial to understand the effect of “HA” and “IR” on the pathophysiology of numerous symptoms linked to PCOS. A deep understanding of the pattern of the growth in PCOS for HA and IR can help ameliorate the condition, along with adjustments in nutrition and life, as well as the discovery of new medicinal products. However, further research is required to clarify the mutual role of IR and HA on PCOS development.

Therapeutic effects of aqueous extract of bioactive active component of Ageratum conyzoides on the ovarian-uterine and hypophysis-gonadal axis in rat with polycystic ovary syndrome: Histomorphometric evaluation and biochemical assessment

“…Ageratum conyzoides intervention reduced the mean BMI and LI, corroborating reports that a little weight loss of about 5% can improve insulin resistance, hormone levels, menstrual cycles, and infertility in women with PCOS [ 68 ]. Also, in the AGC and PCOS + AGC therapy groups, there was a decrease in HOMA-IR and an improvement in estrous cyclicity, validating AGC's insulin-sensitizing ability.…”

Hyper-androgenemia and obesity in early-pubertal girls

“…Hyper-androgenemia often has no clinical manifestations during early puberty, but despite its subclinical manifestations, it may represent a precursor of adult PCOS. In fact, different authors consider that resistance to insulin and elevated levels of androgen would be the main causes of polycystic ovarian syndrome [ 13 , 34 ]. Thus, the association between peri-pubertal obesity and hyper-androgenemia may suggest that girls with obesity are at high risk for future POCS.…”

“…In addition, it could be said that the sources of androgen overproduction (ovarian vs. adrenal) in overweight pubertal girls are still uncertain [ 11 ]. Furthermore, the association between peri-pubertal obesity and hyper-androgenemia could have a potential role in the genesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) during adolescence or later in life [ 12 , 13 ]. In fact, the PCOS is considered by various authors as a comorbidity of pediatric obesity [ 14 , 15 ], and this would justify the interest in monitoring the hormonal profile during the different stages of puberty in these girls, especially in early puberty, to take possible preventive measures.…”

Obesity: A Doorway to a Molecular Path Leading to Infertility

“…Hyperinsulinemia is linked to higher levels of LH and hyperandrogenism [ 105 ] (Figure 2 ). Insulin modulates the pituitary gland’s receptor for GnRH and causes higher secretion of LH following stimulation by GnRH [ 106 ].…”

“…Insulin modulates the pituitary gland’s receptor for GnRH and causes higher secretion of LH following stimulation by GnRH [ 106 ]. Insulin also increases the activity of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) by promoting steroid synthesis in ovaries and increasing responsiveness to LH [ 105 ]. Severe insulin resistance has been linked to hyperandrogenism and enlargement of ovaries regardless of gonadotropin levels.…”