Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. isolated from the food industry and nucleotide sequence of the resistance plasmid pST827

Heir, Even; Sundheim, G.; Holck, Askild Lorentz

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb00928.x

Cited by 98 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…PCR amplification with smr-specific primers generated amplicons of 285 bp with template DNA from the isolate that harbored the 2.2-kb plasmid; the PCR result was negative for the isolate that did not contain the 2.2-kb plasmid. The nucleotide sequence of the PCR product was found to be 99% homologous to the DNA sequence of the smr (qacCЈ) gene on pST827 published previously (6). None of the 23 penicillin-and tetracycline-susceptible S. aureus isolates contained plasmids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…1). The Pribnow box TAAAAT is identical to the corresponding sequence in plasmid pST827 (6). Upstream of the smr gene, transcribed in the opposite direction, is a 999-bp sequence (nt 31 to 1030) representing an ORF, designated repNVH99, that encodes a replication protein.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Resistance to QAC among S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) was first studied and reported in human clinical isolates in which three QAC genes have been characterized: qacA (23,33), qacB (21), and smr (formerly qacC) (4,15,22,27). Studies on QAC-resistant staphylococci isolated from the food industry are comparatively recent (6,7), and two additional resistance genes, qacG and qacH, have been characterized in such isolates (8,9). Despite extensive use of QAC in veterinary medicine, studies on QAC-resistant staphylococcal strains associated with disease in animals have apparently not been carried out.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Plasmid-BornesmrGene Causes Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in BovineStaphylococcus aureus

Bjorland

Sunde²,

Waage³

2001

J Clin Microbiol

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Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) in staphylococci is common in hospital environments and has been described in the food industry. Little is known about staphylococcal QAC resistance associated with animal disease, although such disinfectants are widely used in veterinary medicine. In order to investigate the occurrence of QAC resistance in staphylococci isolated from QAC-exposed animals, 32 penicillin-and tetracycline-resistant and 23 penicillin-and tetracycline-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from milk from cows with mastitis during a 4-year period were selected for QAC susceptibility studies and genetic characterization. The isolates originated from four different herds that used a common pasture with a joint milking parlor in the summer. During the pasture season, a teat cream containing the QAC cetyltrimethylammonium bromide had been used daily for more than 10 years for mastitis control. Three of the penicillin-and tetracycline-resistant isolates, which were recovered from three different cows during a 20-month period, were resistant to QAC. Plasmid analysis, PCR, and DNA sequencing revealed a novel plasmid of 2,239 bp containing the smr gene. The plasmid, designated pNVH99, has similarities to small, smr-containing staphylococcal plasmids previously found in human and food isolates. pNVH99 is a new member of the pC194 family of rolling-circle replication plasmids. The three QAC-resistant isolates, as well as 28 of the 29 remaining penicillin-and tetracycline-resistant isolates, were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The study indicates that the occurrence and spread of QAC-resistant S. aureus among dairy cows may be a problem that needs further investigation.Antiseptics and disinfectants based on quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are used extensively in hospitals and other health care settings, as well as in the food industry (10, 18). Moreover, they have a wide range of veterinary applications and thus play an important role in the control of infectious diseases in animals (24). In the dairy industry, they are commonly used for disinfection of milking equipment and teat disinfection to prevent infectious mastitis (2). It has been shown that postmilking teat disinfection reduces the incidence of mastitis, especially new infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (2), which is an important udder pathogen in many countries. Disinfection of teats has therefore been considered to be a key component in mastitis control (2,20).Increased attention is being paid to plasmid-encoded resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants in antibiotic-resistant staphylococci (13,16,25). Resistance to QAC among S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) was first studied and reported in human clinical isolates in which three QAC genes have been characterized: qacA (23, 33), qacB (21), and smr (formerly qacC) (4,15,22,27). Studies on QAC-resistant staphylococci isolated from the food industry are comparatively recent (6, 7), and two additional resistance genes...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasmid-BornesmrGene Causes Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in BovineStaphylococcus aureus

Bjorland

Sunde²,

Waage³

2001

J Clin Microbiol

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“…aeruginosa, and have suggested that the increases in quantities of cellular membrane components, such as phospholipids, fatty acids and neutral lipids, suppress the adsorption of benzalkonium chloride molecules to the cell. Apart from such an alteration in the cell envelope, the active efflux of cationic surfactant, as an alternative mode of the acquired resistance, has also been shown in staphylococci (Littlejohn et al 1992;Heir et al 1995Heir et al , 1998. These two distinct modes of acquired resistance have often been described for antibiotics and, in particular, the increased development of an efflux system brings about multi-drug resistance (Nikaido 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a cationic surfactant-resistant mutant isolated spontaneously from Escherichia coli

et al. 2002

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“…(Aase et al, 2000;Alekshun and Levy, 2000;Heir et al, 1995;lshikawa et al, 2002a and2002b;Sakagami et al, 1989;Tabata et al, 2002Tabata et al, , 2003aTabata et al, and 2003b. Generally, it is important to take measures against the emergence of Gram-negative bacteria, which are resistant to biocides or antiseptics in nature due to their cell surface structure, compared with Gram-positive bacteria (Denyer and Maillard, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Protein Analysis of Escherichia coli Resistant to a Quaternary Ammonium Compound

et al. 2005

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A resistant strain of Escherichia coil IF012713, resistant against the quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), N-dodecylpyridinium iodide (P-12), was developed by using a standard broth dilution method and physiologically characterized by comparison to a sensitive strain. The cell surface hydrophobicity cultivated in the resistance-acquiring process gradually decreased and the lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane increased. This result indicated that the cell surface of the resistant strain was more hydrophobic than that of the sensitive strain. One of the resistant strains isolated from the process also had resistance to other antibiotics and organic solvents. Rapid ethidium efflux was observed in the resistant strain compared to the sensitive strain. To elucidate the mechanism of resistance on a molecular level, protein analysis was performed with 2D-PAGE for the entire cellular fraction, and SDS-PAGE for the outer or inner membrane fractions. It was seen that 18 spots and bands of proteins specifically increased in the resistant strain. From the physiological characterization and the protein analysis, it was suggested that the QAC-resistant strain acquired its resistance by responding to antimicrobial stresses, stabilizing the outer membrane to control the adsorption/ binding reaction between the cell and agent, and activating the efflux pump against the antimicrobial agents.

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Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the food industry and nucleotide sequence of the resistance plasmid pST827

Cited by 98 publications

References 42 publications

Plasmid-BornesmrGene Causes Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in BovineStaphylococcus aureus

Plasmid-BornesmrGene Causes Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in BovineStaphylococcus aureus

Characterization of a cationic surfactant-resistant mutant isolated spontaneously from Escherichia coli

Characterization and Protein Analysis of Escherichia coli Resistant to a Quaternary Ammonium Compound

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