Resistance to change in goldfish

Igaki, Takeharu; Sakagami, Takayuki

doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2004.01.009

Cited by 49 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 39 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Nevin et al, 1990). This result has been replicated with a variety of reinforcers and species ranging from fish to humans (Mace et al, 1990;Cohen, 1996;Harper, 1999;Grimes and Shull, 2001;Ahearn et al, 2003;Igaki and Sakagami, 2004;Shahan and Burke, 2004). Nevin et al (1990) have suggested that such effects of the Pavlovian stimulus-reinforcer relation on the persistence of operant behavior are likely similar to other motivational effects attributed to arousal, a central motivational state, or the incentive-motivational properties of conditioned stimuli (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Behavioral momentum of cocaine self-administration: effects of frequency of reinforcement on resistance to extinction

Quick

Shahan

2009

Behavioural Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Persistent drug seeking is a defining property of substance abuse and is generally thought to depend, in part, on exposure to drug-associated contexts. Behavioral momentum theory provides a set of methods and a theoretical framework for understanding how stimulus contexts contribute to the persistence of operant behavior. Earlier research has extended behavioral momentum theory to alcohol self-administration, but not to intravenous drug self-administration. This experiment extended behavioral momentum theory to cocaine self-administration by examining the effects of frequency of cocaine reinforcement in a context on resistance to extinction. Rats self-administered 0.32 mg/kg infusions of cocaine in a multiple schedule of reinforcement arranging two distinct contexts. Responding in a Rich context was reinforced by cocaine infusions at a higher frequency (i.e. variable interval 120 s) and in a Lean context at a lower frequency (variable interval 360 s). After establishment of responding in the two contexts, resistance to extinction was examined. Preextinction response rates for cocaine were similar in the Rich and Lean contexts. Nonetheless, relative resistance to extinction was greater in the Rich context than in the Lean context. The difference in resistance to extinction in the two contexts was well described by a quantitative model of behavioral momentum. These results suggest that the frequency of drug reinforcement in a context contributes to the persistence of drug seeking in that context, and that behavioral momentum theory might be useful for understanding how drug-associated contexts contribute to the persistence of drug seeking.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Behavioral momentum of cocaine self-administration: effects of frequency of reinforcement on resistance to extinction

Quick

Shahan

2009

Behavioural Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many studies have shown that resistance to change in a schedule component is directly related to the rate or amount of reinforcement occurring in that component, regardless of whether all reinforcers are contingent on responding. This general result has been obtained with goldfish (Igaki & Sakagami, 2004), rats (e.g., Blackman, 1968; Shahan & Burke, 2004), pigeons (e.g., Nevin, 1974; Nevin, Tota, Torquato, & Shull, 1990), normal children (Tota-Faucette, 1991), children with developmental disabilities (Ahearn et al, 2003; Mace et al, 2010), college students (Cohen, 1996), and adults with mental retardation (Mace et al, 1990). These studies have employed different sorts of responses and reinforcers, and have evaluated resistance to change by presenting various disruptors including response-independent reinforcers between schedule components, pre-session feeding to devalue reinforcers, response-contingent punishment, conditioned suppression, concurrent distraction, and extinction – i.e., withholding all reinforcers (for reviews see Nevin, 1979; Nevin, 1992b; Nevin & Grace, 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 69%

Resistance to extinction and behavioral momentum

Nevin

2012

Behavioural Processes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the metaphor of behavioral momentum, reinforcement is assumed to strengthen discriminated operant behavior in the sense of increasing its resistance to disruption, and extinction is viewed as disruption by contingency termination and reinforcer omission. In multiple schedules of intermittent reinforcement, resistance to extinction is an increasing function of reinforcer rate, consistent with a model based on the momentum metaphor. The partial-reinforcement extinction effect, which opposes the effects of reinforcer rate, can be explained by the large disruptive effect of terminating continuous reinforcement despite its strengthening effect during training. Inclusion of a term for the context of reinforcement during training allows the model to account for a wide range of multiple-schedule extinction data and makes contact with other formulations. The relation between resistance to extinction and reinforcer rate on single schedules of intermittent reinforcement is exactly opposite to that for multiple schedules over the same range of reinforcer rates; however, the momentum model can give an account of resistance to extinction in single as well as multiple schedules. An alternative analysis based on the number of reinforcers omitted to an extinction criterion supports the conclusion that response strength is an increasing function of reinforcer rate during training.

show abstract

“…Log b indicates greater resistance to change on one trial type, independent of variations in the reinforcement ratio. Like the matching law, findings supporting behavioral momentum theory have shown considerable generality across experimental preparations and species, ranging from fish to humans (e.g., Ahearn, Clark, Gardenier, Chung, & Dube, 2003; Harper, 1999; Igaki & Sakagami, 2004; Nevin et al, 1990; Pyszczynski & Shahan, 2011). …”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

Differential reinforcement and resistance to change of divided-attention performance

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Behavioral momentum theory provides a framework for understanding how conditions of reinforcement influence instrumental response strength under conditions of disruption (i.e., resistance to change). The present experiment examined resistance to change of divided-attention performance when different overall probabilities of reinforcement were arranged across two components of a multiple schedule. Pigeons responded in a delayed-matching-to-sample procedure with compound samples (color + line orientation) and element comparisons (two colors or two line orientations). Reinforcement ratios of 1:9, 1:1, and 9:1 for accurate matches on the two types of comparison trials were examined across conditions using reinforcement probabilities (color/lines) of .9/.1, .5/.5, and .1/.9 in the rich component and .18/.02, .1/.1, and .02/.18 in the lean component. Relative accuracy with color and line comparisons was an orderly function of relative reinforcement, but this relation did not depend on the overall rate of reinforcement between components. The resistance to change of divided-attention performance was greater for both trial types in the rich component with presession feeding and extinction, but not with decreases in sample duration. These findings suggest promise for the applicability of quantitative models of operant behavior to divided-attention performance, but they highlight the need to further explore conditions impacting the resistance to change of attending.

show abstract

Resistance to change in goldfish

Cited by 49 publications

References 39 publications

Behavioral momentum of cocaine self-administration: effects of frequency of reinforcement on resistance to extinction

Behavioral momentum of cocaine self-administration: effects of frequency of reinforcement on resistance to extinction

Resistance to extinction and behavioral momentum

Differential reinforcement and resistance to change of divided-attention performance

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About