Resistance to Antibiotics in Thermophilic Campylobacters

Abstract

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is one of the most frequent causes of bacterial enterocolitis globally. The disease in human is usually self-limiting, but when complications arise antibiotic therapy is required at a time when resistance to antibiotics is increasing worldwide. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria are diverse depending on antibiotic type and usage and include: enzymatic destruction or drug inactivation; alteration of the target enzyme; alteration of cell membrane permeability; alteration of ribosome structure and alteration of the metabolic pathway(s). Resistance of Campylobacter spp. to antibiotics, especially fluoroquinolones is now a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. In this review the mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracycline, aminoglycoside and the role of integrons in resistance of Campylobacter (especially at the molecular level) are discussed, as well as the mechanisms of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, sulphonamides and trimethoprim. Multiple drug resistance is an increasing problem for treatment of campylobacter infections and emergence of resistant strains and resistance are important One Health issues.

The rise of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter

“…β-Lactamase, designated OXA-61, is another resistance mechanism in C. jejuni and C. coli . OXA-61 orthologous enzymes are present in C. jejuni RM1221 and C. lari RM2100 and are 99% and 52% identical in protein composition, respectively, to Cj0299 [32 ▪▪ ]. As mentioned above, these antimicrobial resistance genes were always associated with many other resistance genes in MDRGIs.…”

“…The mechanism of Campylobacter resistance to macrolide was mainly modification of the ribosomal target, occurring either by enzyme-mediated methylation or by point mutation in the 23S rRNA, A2075G or A2074T of 23S rRNA, and can occur in C. jejuni and C. coli [9,32 ▪▪ ]. Additionally, a ribosomal methylase encoded by ermB also confers resistance to macrolides (erythromycin); it is mainly detected in macrolide-resistant C. coli [33], is homologous to some gram-positive bacteria ( Aerococcus viridans and Streptococcus pyogenes ) [34,35], and is more prevalent in China than in other countries [36 ▪ ].…”

Distribution of Virulence Genes in Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Agaricus Mushrooms in Iran

“…Indeed, the detection of cadF and ciaB in amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-resistant bacteria, ciaB in ampicillin-resistant bacteria, racR in nalidixic acid-resistant isolates, and cadF and ceuE in chloramphenicol-resistant isolates was linked. Although the presence of positive or negative relationships among antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in microorganisms has been demonstrated, the Campylobacter species remains contentious [41][42][43]. In vitro experiments have shown that resistant bacteria invade more than susceptible strains, whereas others have highlighted the tendency of susceptible strains to produce more serious diseases than resistant organisms.…”

Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Diarrheic Sheep

“…High tetracycline resistance has been recognized globally. Modifications in media to test C. jejuni isolates from several countries in the European Union indicated a resistance of about 45% (Aleksić at al., 2021). In the present study, there was relatively higher tetracycline resistance (48.4%).…”