Mastitis is an important disease in dairy animals worldwide. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common causes of clinical and subclinical intramammary infections. In the current study, we isolated bacteria from 150 mastitic milk samples. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the methicillin resistance genes in S. aureus to detect the occurrence of MRSA isolates. Green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) using aqueous leaf extracts of Artemisia herb Alba (A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs). The antibacterial efficacy of these nanoparticles was evaluated (in vitro and in vivo) against collected MRSA isolates using the disc diffusion method and SPF rats. Out of 150 mastitic milk samples, the frequency of S. aureus was 38 (25.3%), that of E. coli was 45 (30%), that of Klebsiella spp. Was 7 (4.7%), and that of Streptococcus spp. Was 11 (7.3%). Among 38 positive isolates of S. aureus, MRSA was 16 (42.1%) by antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) and 14 (38.8%) by multiplex PCR. The MRSA isolates were shown to have 100% resistance to penicillin and methicillin, 87.5% resistance to gentamicin, 50% resistance to cefoxitin and amoxicillin, and 75% resistance to ampicillin and ampicillin/sublactam with low resistance against erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and levofloxacin by AST, respectively. A. herb Alba TiO2 NP formation was observed by changing the colour from white to dark green. The UV spectrum revealed absorbance peaks at 240–250 nm, and their sizes ranged from 42–66 nm and 11 to 45 nm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A. herb Alba TiO2 NP suspensions were evaluated against MRSA, with the highest zone of inhibition (43 ± 0.45 mm) at a concentration of 40 μg/ml. Hematological parameters and histological examination after oral administration of 20 mg/kg of A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs indicated that A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs can be used as a new antimicrobial against resistant bacteria (MRSA) with consideration of the dose and methods of synthesis of plant-based compounds.
One of the important agents causing gastroenteritis worldwide is Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni). The current study aimed to detect five virulence genes (flaA, virB11, ciaB, iam, and dnaJ) and two antibiotic resistance genes (gyrA and tetO) in C. jejuni obtained from sheep stool. The virulence genes were detected by PCR in 64 C. jejuni strains. The phenotypic resistance to five selected antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline) was screened with the microdilution method. The isolates with antibiograms were tested for detection of gyrA and tetO genes via PCR using specific primers. The virulence genes flaA (32%) and dnaJ (29%) had the highest prevalence. The tested isolates of C. jejuni revealed high resistance to both quinolone (68.3%) and tetracycline groups (48.4%) with an increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance of gyrA and tetO genes. Gentamycin and erythromycin offered better alternative drugs for the treatment of campylobacteriosis. To generalize the findings, extensive profiling that involves more virulence genes is required in several strains of Campylobacter.
This study investigated the presence of MRSA in sheep. The study was conducted in 2022 using 100 samples, including 50 raw milk samples and 50 nasal swabs obtained from 10 flocks of sheep that were housed in various places along the North Coast area of Egypt to identify and characterize MRSA. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified from the samples using conventional bacteriological techniques, while MRSA was found using a culture on oxacillin resistance screening agar basal medium (ORSAB). The recovery rate of S. aureus in the examined samples of sheep was 54 and 18 %, in raw milk samples and nasal swabs of sheep, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of confirmed MRSA strains isolated from sheep samples was 51.6 and 66.7% in milk samples and nasal swabs, respectively with total prevalence of 55.6% (20 out of 36 isolates). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the MRSA isolates in this study revealed varying resistance patterns. The isolates had 100% resistance to Penicillin-G and Clindamycin, 90% resistance to Linezolid, 80% resistance to Cefoxitin and 70% resistance to Erythromycin. In short, strict hygiene and biosecurity protocols should be implemented on sheep farms to avoid this from turning into a serious illness that may be deadly. According to the present inquiry, MRSA was discovered in the milk and nasal samples of sheep grown on Alexandria's North Coast that appeared to be in good health.
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