Resistance of Spanish codling moth (Cydia pomonella) populations to insecticides and activity of detoxifying enzymatic systems

Abstract

Resistance of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to insecticides has become a major problem in many apple and pear production areas. Our aim was to determine the level of insecticide resistance in Spanish field populations. Seven field populations collected from apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen (Rosaceae), orchards, and three laboratory susceptible strains of codling moth were studied. Damage at harvest in all the conventional orchards from which codling moth populations were collected was higher than the economic threshold. The efficacy of eight insecticides, with five modes of action, was evaluated by topical application of the diagnostic concentrations on post‐diapausing larvae. The enzymatic activity of mixed‐function oxidases (MFOs), glutathione transferases (GSTs), and esterases (ESTs) was evaluated for each population. The susceptibility to insecticides and the biochemical activity of the three laboratory strains and one organic orchard population were not significantly different. Field populations were less susceptible to the tested insecticides than the susceptible strains, especially for azinphos‐methyl, diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb, and phosalone. The efficacy of all insecticides was significantly dependent on the activity of MFOs. Only the toxicity of the three insecticides most used in Spain when the populations were collected (azinphos‐methyl, fenoxycarb, and phosalone) was also dependent on the activity of ESTs and GSTs activity. We conclude that the control failures were because of the existence of populations resistant to the main insecticides used.

Determination of insecticide resistance of European grapevine moth [Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] populations in vineyards of Manisa province

“…;2011b). O çalışmalardan hareketle, biyokimyasal testlerde 4 farklı enzim analizi için 4 farklı yöntemden yararlanılmıştır.…”

Effects of chlorpyrifos on enzymatic systems of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults

“…B, the mean CarE activities at the bioassay concentration's range (0.0625−3 mg/L chlorpyrifos) were quite similar between LSS and FP. Resistance to organophosphates was associated with both increased and decreased esterase activity in other FPs of C. pomonella (Reyes et al ., ; Rodríguez et al ., ). On the other hand, FPs of C. pomonella from Chile that were resistant to chlorpyrifos showed a significant negative correlation between chlorpyrifos mortality and esterase activity (Reyes et al ., ).…”

“…Previous results on diapausing larvae of C. pomonella from the Río Negro and Neuquén Valley showed a poor association between GST activity and azinphosmethyl mortality (Soleño et al ., ). On the other hand, increased activity of GST was correlated with organophosphate resistance in other FPs of C. pomonella (Rodríguez et al ., ). In the present study, neither the LSS nor the FP was affected by any of the chlorpyrifos concentrations despite the observed variability of GST activities.…”

“…However, both FPs of diapausing larvae and neonates from the region have shown more than 4 fold higher activity than the one from LSS. Resistance to organophosphates in FPs of C. pomonella was also associated with increased activity of ECOD (Reyes et al, 2011;Rodríguez et al, 2011). The CYP450 enzymes are found in almost all insect tissues and they are involved in the metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous compounds.…”

“…The codling moth ( Cydia pomonella L.), the major pest of apples and pears throughout the world, has developed resistance to organophosphates (Varela et al ., ; Charmillot et al ., ; Fuentes‐Contreras et al ., ), pyrethroids, (Varela et al ., ; Bouvier et al ., ), insect growth inhibitors (Charmillot et al ., , ), insect growth regulators (Knight et al ., ; Charmillot et al ., ), and biological products (Eberle & Jehle, ). Both detoxifying enzymes (Sauphanor et al ., ; Bouvier et al ., , ; Fuentes‐Contreras et al ., ; Rodriguez et al ., ) and target insensitivity (Bouvier et al ., ; Cassanelli et al ., ) have been described as resistance mechanisms. Codling moth is also the most important fruit‐tree pest in the Río Negro and Neuquén Valley from Northern Patagonia (Argentina).…”