Resistance of Botrytis cinerea Pers. to dicarboximide fungicides — a literature review

Pommer, E. H.; Lorenz, Guido

doi:10.1016/0261-2194(82)90044-8

Cited by 56 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Also in other fungi, such as Monilinia fructicola and Penicillium expansum, resistant strains showed low fitness and often a moderate resistance level that did not cause severe difficulties in field disease control (Rosenberger and Mayer, 1981;Ritchie, 1983;Gullino and De Waard, 1984;Gaunt, 1993, 1994). The level of resistance, which was very high towards procymidone, was another difference shown by S. vesicarium compared to Penicillium and Botrytis where the high resistance level was only found in laboratory mutants or in some greenhouse crops (Pommer and Lorenz, 1982;Beever and Brien, 1983;Faretra et al, 1986;Leroux et al, 1999). Comparable high resistance has been observed in field strains of different species of Alternaria (Iacomi-Vasilescu et al, 2004;Dry et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…For this pathogen, problems in disease control were noticed only in some French vineyards (e.g. Champagne region) (Leroux and Clerjeau, 1985) whereas in other areas dicarboximide performance was not reduced even if resistant strains were frequently found (Pommer and Lorenz, 1982;Beever and Brien, 1983;Faretra et al, 1986). This aspect could be justified by a demonstrated lower fitness of resistant strains, and therefore they tend to disappear in the absence of the fungicide's selection pressure, giving rise to the resistance regression (Hisada et al, 1979 Davis I V C 1995 3842 -------1996 6686 28 ------1997 5682 14 6 11 ----1998 5814 8 6 6 6933 807 939 194 1999 6126 13 8 59 9879 480 524 143 2000 3706 10 7 10 4286 1161 1195 220 2001 1967 9 7 11 5670 88 235 571 2002 1510 8 --2851 642 966 109 2003 1160 8 --1409 627 870 88 Total 2695 9 7 13 3908 780 918 159 and Dennis, 1981b;Pommer and Lorenz, 1982;Beever and Brien, 1983;Romano et al, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Resistance to Dicarboximide Fungicides in Stemphylium vesicarium of Italian Pear Orchards

2005

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Brown spot, caused by Stemphylium vesicarium, is the main fungal disease of pear in northern Italy where it may cause severe crop losses and it requires numerous fungicide applications. Monitoring work was performed by collecting fungal populations in Po valley between 1995 and 2003 in order to study the dicarboximides resistance already detected in the 1990s for procymidone as a result of control failures in field. Sensitivity tests showed that the resistant strains occur all over the monitored areas. Where present the efficacy of procymidone in field is completely lost in spite of what is observed often in other fungi. In most of the isolates (phenotype R 1 ), S. vesicarium resistance level to procymidone (Sialex) was shown to be very high (RF@3000) whereas it was lower towards the other dicarboximides iprodione (Rovral), vinclozolin (Ronilan) and chlozolinate (Serinal) (RF@10). Therefore the resistance is partially crossed even if a high level of resistance was rarely observed for all dicarboximides (phenotype R 2 ). At least two different mechanisms of resistance seem to be involved: one that may provide a moderate resistance and the other that may give a high resistance level. Monospore isolate sensitivity tests confirmed the qualitative response suggested by such high resistance factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Resistance to Dicarboximide Fungicides in Stemphylium vesicarium of Italian Pear Orchards

2005

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“…In the late 1970s and early 1980s, dicarboximides replaced benzimidazoles in most situations. However, their initial high activity has been lost, at least in part, due to the development of resistance (Katan 1982;Pommer and Lorenz 1982;Gullino and Garibaldi 1986;Elad et al 1992d), but they are still recommended officially for use in greenhouses (Elad et al 1992b). Diethofencarb, which is active against benzimidazole-resistant strains of B. cinerea, is registered in Israel, but even its limited use has led to the appearance of insensitivity with multiresistant isolates occurring in greenhouses (Elad et al 1992d).…”

Section: Chemical Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse vegetables: chemical, cultural, physiological and biological controls and their integration

Elad

Shtienberg

1995

Integr Pest Manag Rev

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Botrytis cinerea is an ubiquitous pathogen which causes severe losses in many fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. The pathogen infects leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. The complexity of diseases caused by B. cinerea in greenhouses makes this pathogen one of the most important diseases of vegetable crops in greenhouse in many countries. In general, epidemics occur in cool and humid conditions, which favour infection and may also predispose the host to become susceptible. High relative humidity in the greenhouse and free moisture on plant surfaces are considered the most important environmental factors which influence infection by B. cinerea. In this review we specify the factors affecting the development of diseases incited by B. cinerea and discuss different approaches for its suppression. Chemical and non-chemical controls are outlined and their integration is discussed. Finally, achievements, gaps in knowledge, and future needs are indicated. The most common means for disease management is by application of chemical fungicides. Both spraying of fungicides and application of fungicides directly to sporulating wounds is practiced. However, high activity of several fungicides is being lost, at least in part, due to the development of resistance. As fungicides still remain an important tool for control of epidemics caused by B. cinerea, it is important to monitor populations of the pathogen for their resistance towards potential fungicides. Cultural measures can be a powerful means to suppress plant diseases in greenhouses where the value of crops is high and the farmers make considerable efforts during long cropping seasons. Such measures are usually aimed at altering the microclimate in the canopy and around susceptible plant organs, prevention of inoculum entrance into the greenhouse and its build up, and, rendering the host plants less susceptible to diseases. Calcium loading of plant tissues and alteration of nitrogen fertilization reduce susceptibility to Botrytis. Cultivars resistant to B. cinerea are not available. Another alternative methods to control B. cinerea is by means of biological control agents. At least one preparation is already available in the market and in many cases it was as effective as the conventional fungicides. A decision support system was recently developed for integration of chemical and biological controls. Adaquate suppression of B. cinerea diseases in greenhouse crops is an attainable goal. In our opinion this goal can be reached by considering the ecology of the pathosystem in its broader sense and by integration of all possible control measures. This implies optimization of plant nutrition, microclimate and control (cultural, biological, physiological and, if necessary, chemical) measures. Moreover, Botrytis management must be incorporated in a more holistic system that is compatible with insect control, crop production systems and profitability of the crop.

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“…This class of fungicides was primarily used for the control Botrytis, Alternaria, Sclerotinia diseases, although they are effective on other pathogens like Rhizoctonia spp., and Fusarium spp., as well. Not surprisingly, field resistance was first observed in B. cinerea (Pommer and Lorenz, 1982), M. fructicola (Ritchie, 1983), and Sclerotinia spp. (Detweiler et al, 1983).…”

Section: Signal Transduction: Dicarboximides and Phenylpyrrolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Fungicide Resistance

Beckerman¹

2013

Fungicides - Showcases of Integrated Plant Disease Management From Around the World

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Resistance of Botrytis cinerea Pers. to dicarboximide fungicides — a literature review

Cited by 56 publications

References 13 publications

Resistance to Dicarboximide Fungicides in Stemphylium vesicarium of Italian Pear Orchards

Resistance to Dicarboximide Fungicides in Stemphylium vesicarium of Italian Pear Orchards

Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse vegetables: chemical, cultural, physiological and biological controls and their integration

Detection of Fungicide Resistance

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