Resistance and the control of lice on humans and production animals

Levot, G. W.

doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00203-9

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Insect parasites, such as blood‐sucking or myiasis flies (Byford et al ., 1992; Tellam & Bowles, 1997; Cortinas & Jones, 2006) or the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Rust & Dryden, 1997; Rust, 2005) are major causes of disease and discomfort to livestock and pet animals, and lead to expenditures in the multi‐billion US$ range annually for treatment and control measures. Resistance development to established insecticides (Levot, 1995, Levot, 2000, Otranto & Wall, 2008) is an increasing threat to the success of insect parasite control measures, and new molecular targets for the development of resistance‐breaking insecticides are urgently needed. The genetic data from D. melanogaster (Chen et al ., 2002) and the known physiological importance of trehalose in insects (Becker et al ., 1996) and its absence in mammals suggest that TPS may constitute such a novel insecticidal target.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase from the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and Drosophila melanogaster: gene identification, cloning, heterologous functional expression and identification of inhibitors by high throughput screening

Kern¹,

Wolf²,

Bender³

et al. 2012

Insect Molecular Biology

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Trehalose phosphate synthase (EC 2.4.1.15; TPS) is the crucial enzyme for the biosynthesis of trehalose, the main haemolymph sugar of insects, and therefore a potential insecticidal molecular target. In this study, we report the functional heterologous expression of Drosophila melanogaster TPS, the gene identification, full length cDNA cloning and functional expression of cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) TPS, and the Michaelis–Menten constants for their specific substrates glucose‐6‐phosphate and uridinediphosphate‐glucose. A novel high throughput screening‐compatible TPS assay and its use for the identification of the first potent insect TPS inhibitors from a large synthetic compound collection (>115 000 compounds) is described. One compound class that emerged in this screening, the 4‐substituted 2,6‐diamino‐3,5‐dicyano‐4H‐thiopyrans, was further investigated by analysing preliminary structure–activity relationships. Here, compounds were identified that show low µM to high nM half maximal inhibitory concentrations on insect TPS and that may serve as lead compounds for the development of insecticides with a novel mode of action.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase from the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and Drosophila melanogaster: gene identification, cloning, heterologous functional expression and identification of inhibitors by high throughput screening

Kern¹,

Wolf²,

Bender³

et al. 2012

Insect Molecular Biology

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“…It is noteworthy that none of these products render 100% protection (Burgess 2004), or protection against all developmental instars (from nits to adults) (Burkhart et al 1998). Moreover, there have been several reports of evolution of resistance to the conventional insecticides that are usually included in formulations (i.e., pyrethroids, lindane) (Burkhart et al 1998;Picollo et al 1998;Levot 2000;Jones and English 2003;Yoon et al 2004). Such resistance appears to be associated to a variety of biochemical traits, including a mechanism based on glutathione S-transferase (GST) for resistance to DDT (Miller and Mumcuoglu 1999;Namazi 2005), the cytochrome monooxygenase P450 system for permethrin (Audino et al 2005), estearase activity for dual resistance to malathion and permethrin (Gao et al 2006), and sodium channel-mediated resistance to pyrethroids (Tomita et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant extracts and their components as potential control agents against human head lice

2007

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The head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera:Pediculidae), is an obligate ectoparasite of humans that causes pediculosis capitis, a nuisance for millions of people worldwide, with high prevalence in children. Pediculosis capitis has been treated by methods that include the physical remotion of lice, various domestic treatments and conventional insecticides. None of these methods render complete protection, and there is clear evidence for the evolution of resistance and cross-resistance to conventional insecticides. Non-toxic alternative options are hence needed for head lice treatment and/or prevention, and natural products from plants, especially essential oils (EOs), are good candidates for safer control agents that may provide good anti-lice activity and low levels of evolved resistance. A few EOs have been tested as repellents with promissory results, although often in vitro tests and clinical trials produce contradictory results. A handful of fixed extracts and several EOs and their individual components have also been tested as contact pediculicides or fumigants. The studies have focused mainly on plant families characterized for the production of EOs. While many EOs and individual compounds showed pediculicide activity, comparing results is difficult due to the diverse bioassay methodologies. Studies of anti-lice activity of individual EO components provide the basis for preliminary conclusions of structure-activity relationships, although no clear patterns can yet be drawn. We here attempt to provide a concise compilation of the available information on anti-lice activity of plant extracts and plantderived compounds, which we hope may be of help for future developments in this area.

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“…Organophosphates (OPs) poisoning are common worldwide, 3 million cases per year occurring and 300000 cases result in death [1,2]. Action mechanism of OPs occurs due to suppressing acetylcholinesterase activity in nervous system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accidental death due to intentionally usage of organophosphate: Report of two cases

Doğan¹,

Çelbiş²,

Özdemir³

et al. 2012

Med-Science

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Resistance and the control of lice on humans and production animals

Cited by 30 publications

References 31 publications

Trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase from the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and Drosophila melanogaster: gene identification, cloning, heterologous functional expression and identification of inhibitors by high throughput screening

Trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase from the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and Drosophila melanogaster: gene identification, cloning, heterologous functional expression and identification of inhibitors by high throughput screening

Plant extracts and their components as potential control agents against human head lice

Accidental death due to intentionally usage of organophosphate: Report of two cases

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