Resilient Cyberphysical Systems and their Application Drivers: A Technology Roadmap

Abstract

Cyberphysical systems (CPS) are ubiquitous in our personal and professional lives, and they promise to dramatically improve micro-communities (e.g., urban farms, hospitals), macro-communities (e.g., cities and metropolises), urban structures (e.g., smart homes and cars), and living structures (e.g., human bodies, synthetic genomes). The question that we address in this article pertains to designing these CPS systems to be resilient-from-the-ground-up, and in "learning" iterations, resilientby-reaction. An optimally designed system is resilient to both unique and recurrent attacks with a minimal overhead from "fitting". In the following, our focus is on design and deployment innovations that are broadly applicable across a range of application areas and drivers.We divide our paper into three broad themes. First, we present three prominent application drivers that can lay the basis for the existing and emerging technologies, as follows: smart cities and digital agriculture; planet-scale IoT ; and internet-of-medical-things (IoMT). We select the three application drivers as representative examples of different possible application scenarios that a CPS "designer" may face. These scenarios are orthogonal to each other, operate at different scales, and collectively cover key application domains. Concretely, while the scale of smart cities and digital agriculture on small to large-sized farms can be large, they are not nearly as large as planet-scale IoT, where the scale may pose unique challenges to start with, requiring the consideration of the scale from the outset. For example, a protocol that relies on lots of messages being passed among the participating nodes may work well from an energy efficiency and timeliness standpoint when all the nodes are nearby, say connected through Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) links. However, when the system is planet-scale and the nodes are dispersed, potentially over large geographic regions, or in highly congested environments, such as urban road environments, such a protocol will become infeasible. In contrast, for IoMT, there is a unique set of challenges with some critical safety requirements as they relate to individuals in medical scenarios.Second, we lay out the foundational technologies-hardware and algorithms-which will power resilient CPS. We base this discussion on two complementary threads for imbuing resilience in these systems, namely, resilience-by-design and resilience-by-reaction. Overall, the notion of resilience can be thought of in the light of three main sources of lack of resilience, as follows: exogenous factors, such as natural variations and attack scenarios; mismatch between engineered designs and exogenous factors ranging from DDoS (distributed denial-of-service) attacks or other cybersecurity

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