Abstract:Resilience is the ability of a system to adapt, persist, and transform as a reaction to threats, which may be external or internal to the system, while vulnerability is the state of being susceptible to harm from exposure to stresses associated with environmental and social change and from the inability to adapt. Based on a study of the threats that can affect urban mobility, we identified a gap regarding the analysis of the levels of resilience and vulnerability in the face of subsidy threats that can severel… Show more
“…Low-income groups may not only be experiencing a range of transport poverty issues but are also associated with a high level of transport vulnerability [113]. The concept of transport vulnerability goes hand in hand with transport resilience, which refers to the transport system's ability to adapt when exposed to threats and risks.…”
The widening income gap in post-reform China has given rise to social inequality. Among those, transport poverty and inequality have significantly affected the daily life of low-income groups. While important, this is an under-researched topic in China. This gap in the academic literature is glaring given the country’s urbanization rates, sprawling cities and income differentials. Most previous studies have only focused on two aspects of transport poverty—job-housing imbalance and accessibility. A comprehensive understanding of the causes and impacts of transport inequality is currently lacking. Therefore, a systematic review of academic literature based on keywords relevant to transport poverty in China was conducted to provide a more complete assessment of the situation in Chinese cities. In total, 62 relevant studies were identified after close examination of the articles (including titles, abstracts, and full-texts). This set of articles allowed a number of general patterns to be identified. It was found that the most common causes of transport poverty include: a lack of access to private vehicles; uneven access to alternative transport options; inadequate public transport provision; jobs-housing imbalance; and the hukou system (a system of household registration which aims to regulate population distribution and rural-to-urban migration). The main impacts of transport poverty include: curtailed mobility and longer travel times; higher household expenditures on travel; reduced access to jobs and essential services; higher household expenditures on travel; and health and environmental issues.
“…Low-income groups may not only be experiencing a range of transport poverty issues but are also associated with a high level of transport vulnerability [113]. The concept of transport vulnerability goes hand in hand with transport resilience, which refers to the transport system's ability to adapt when exposed to threats and risks.…”
The widening income gap in post-reform China has given rise to social inequality. Among those, transport poverty and inequality have significantly affected the daily life of low-income groups. While important, this is an under-researched topic in China. This gap in the academic literature is glaring given the country’s urbanization rates, sprawling cities and income differentials. Most previous studies have only focused on two aspects of transport poverty—job-housing imbalance and accessibility. A comprehensive understanding of the causes and impacts of transport inequality is currently lacking. Therefore, a systematic review of academic literature based on keywords relevant to transport poverty in China was conducted to provide a more complete assessment of the situation in Chinese cities. In total, 62 relevant studies were identified after close examination of the articles (including titles, abstracts, and full-texts). This set of articles allowed a number of general patterns to be identified. It was found that the most common causes of transport poverty include: a lack of access to private vehicles; uneven access to alternative transport options; inadequate public transport provision; jobs-housing imbalance; and the hukou system (a system of household registration which aims to regulate population distribution and rural-to-urban migration). The main impacts of transport poverty include: curtailed mobility and longer travel times; higher household expenditures on travel; reduced access to jobs and essential services; higher household expenditures on travel; and health and environmental issues.
“…This discrepancy tends to be greater in low-income countries, since workers face transport difficulties and physical demands during work are usually high ( 41 ). Indeed, a high level of vulnerability within transport systems in both Rio de Janeiro and Maputo, including limited capacity, poor connections, and relatively high prices, are associated with low-income and negative socioeconomic indicators ( 45 , 46 ). The users usually have to walk long distances to reach public transportation facilities or their destinations.…”
OBJECTIVES:
Physical activity (PA) may reduce cardiovascular risk and preserve functional capacity of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, only limited research objectively measured PA in patients with low socioeconomic status (SES) in low-income countries, particularly in South America and sub-Saharan Africa. This study compared the PA assessed by accelerometers in women of low SES living with HIV under common antiretroviral therapy (cART) from two major cities in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, n=33; 40.1±6.1 years) and Mozambique (Maputo, n=50; 38.8±8.7 years).
METHODS:
Eligible women wore triaxial accelerometers during seven consecutive days, to estimate their habitual PA and daily energy expenditure.
RESULTS:
The proportion of participants with overweight/obesity was greater in Rio than Maputo (57%
vs
. 30%;
p
=0.021), as well as those classified as sedentary based on steps/day (45%
vs.
22%;
p
=0.02). Sedentary time was prevalent (Median±IQD: Rio-1236±142
vs.
Maputo-1192±135 min/day;
p
=0.15). Time spent in PA was short, but Brazilians exhibited lower amount of light (111±56
vs.
145±51 min/day;
p
<0.001) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (88±3
vs.
64±36 min/day;
p
=0.001)
vs.
Mozambicans. The proportion of patients performing 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous PA were 58% (Rio) and 82% (Maputo), respectively. Despite of this, estimated daily energy expenditure was equivalent in both groups (1976±579
vs.
1933±492 kcal;
p
=0.731).
CONCLUSIONS:
Women with low SES living with HIV in Maputo were more active
vs.
patients from Rio de Janeiro. Albeit sedentary behavior was prevalent, the proportion of patients complying with the minimum recommended PA for health was higher than values usually reported in developed countries.
“…Of the 33 such regions, we chose 21, based on available data on the occurrence of crimes and consistent police crime fighting efforts during the 12-month period analyzed. The methodological steps used were based on the procedure developed by Santos et al (2020).…”
Section: Methodological Proceduresmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Using fuzzy concepts, evaluators can use linguistic terms to assess indicators in a natural language expression, where each linguistic term is associated with a membership function. Then, the necessary concepts of fuzzy system modelling is described as follows (Vinodh & Devasan, 2011;Sałabun et al, 2019;Yager, 2000;Sałabun, 2014;Faizi et al, 2018), based on the work Santos et al (2020).…”
Indicators of violence involving public transportation have reached alarming levels in most Brazilian states, hampering mobility. This article aims to identify the level of vulnerability and resilience of public transportation in 21 administrative regions of the city of Rio de Janeiro, in light of criminal occurrences. Variables related to population, employment, intervening opportunities, travel time, criminal occurrences associated with public transportation and police coverage of each evaluated region were used. The results indicated that the five most vulnerable regions are Campo Grande, Méier, Barra da Tijuca, Rio Comprido and Irajá, and the most resilient are Lagoa, Copacabana, Botafogo, Vila Isabel and Tijuca. The contribution of this work is the proposal to analyze the level of vulnerability and resilience based on public security data, with emphasis on the spatial dependence relation among the regions.
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