Residues and effects in mice after drilling wheat treated with chlorfenvinphos and an organomercurial fungicide

Westlake, G. E.; Blunden, Christine A.; Brown, Peter; Bunyan, P. J.; Martin, Ambroise; Sayers, P.E.; Stanley, P.I.; Tarrant, K. A.

doi:10.1016/0147-6513(80)90002-0

Cited by 39 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Small blood samples (0.2-0.4 ml) were placed into heat-sealed disposable sample micro-tips to encourage efficient plasma separation on centrifuging. Procedures for plasma preparation and subsequent tissue storage followed the methods described by Westlake et al (1980). Birds of several other species that were killed accidentally in the course of mist-netting, or were found dead or incapacitated (see above) were also retained for enzyme assays.…”

Section: Collection Of Samples For Laboratory Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attention was concentrated on plasma cholinesterase (ChE), brain acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), and liver nitrophenylacetate esterase (NPAE). Brain and liver homogenates were prepared as described previously (Westlake et al, 1980), and the post-mitochondrial supernatants (Westlake et al, 1981) were used for enzyme assays. Plasma ChE and brain AChE were determined by the methods of Ellman et al (1961) as modified by Westlake et al (1980).…”

Section: Enzyme Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brain and liver homogenates were prepared as described previously (Westlake et al, 1980), and the post-mitochondrial supernatants (Westlake et al, 1981) were used for enzyme assays. Plasma ChE and brain AChE were determined by the methods of Ellman et al (1961) as modified by Westlake et al (1980). Liver NPAE was determined by the method of Mendoza and Wales (1970) as modified by Westlake et al (1980).…”

Section: Enzyme Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma ChE and brain AChE were determined by the methods of Ellman et al (1961) as modified by Westlake et al (1980). Liver NPAE was determined by the method of Mendoza and Wales (1970) as modified by Westlake et al (1980). All enzyme assays were linear with respect to time and amount of homogenate, plasma or protein concentrations, over the range examined.…”

Section: Enzyme Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An intensive field trial to assess hazards to birds and mammals from the use of methiocarb as a bird repellent on ripening cherries

Hardy¹,

Westlake

Lloyd

et al. 1993

Ecotoxicology

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: A field trial was carried out in Kent, UK, in 1980, to assess the possible hazards to wildlife of methiocarb used as a spray to protect ripening cherries from damage by birds. A broad range of studies was undertaken on a single site subjected to a series of five applications. Ground deposition was measured by analysis of strips of chromatography paper and petri dishes placed between lines of trees. Airborne drift was measured on targets up to 11 m above the ground, and methiocarb residues were measured in samples of cherries. Birds were captured by intensive mist-netting throughout the trial, and breeding success was monitored in nest boxes and natural nest sites. Livetraps were set to catch small mammals in the orchard on five occasions during the trial. Systematic searches for possible casualties were made, resulting in the discovery of 21 birds found dead or incapacitated. Levels of activity of plasma, liver and brain esterases were measured in samples taken from several species, and liver slices from House Sparrows, Starlings and Thrushes were examined histologically for signs of cell damage. Samples of breast muscle tissue from Starlings and House Sparrows were analysed by GLC for residues of methiocarb and its principal breakdown product, methiocarb sulfoxide. Overall, the trial revealed that many birds and mammals were exposed to methiocarb, but its effects were largely transient and sublethal. Even a heavy repeated programme of spray applications did not cause any serious hazard to wildlife populations.

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Section: Collection Of Samples For Laboratory Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Enzyme Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Enzyme Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Enzyme Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

An intensive field trial to assess hazards to birds and mammals from the use of methiocarb as a bird repellent on ripening cherries

Hardy¹,

Westlake

Lloyd

et al. 1993

Ecotoxicology

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“…The use of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides can result in exposure, and in some cases mortality, of non-target vertebrates such as small mammals (Westlake et al 1980;Johnson et al 1991;Hardy et al 1993). These pesticides are anticholinesterases and inhibition of blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity is widely used as a biomarker to assess exposure in vertebrates (Thompson 1991); inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by more than 40% is generally considered to be associated with impaired physiological function and altered behaviour (Grue et al 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation of Brain and Serum Cholinesterase Activity with Age in Wild Small Mammals

Fishwick

Shore

Turk

et al. 1996

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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An Elisa assay for avian serum butyrylcholinesterase: A biomarker for organophosphates

Khattab

Walker

Johnston

et al. 1994

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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A competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (EC 3 1 1 8) substance concentration in avian serum samples is described The assay is based on polyclonal (rabbit) anti pigeon BChE coupled with biotin The binding of the biotinylated antibody to immobilized antigen is competitively inhibited by an added standard or test antigen, and the amount of label bound antibody is inversely related to the concentration of antigen The assay yields positive reactions with as little as 0 15 ng/ml of antigen The assay was employed to investigate changes in the quantities of BChE in avian serum, following exposure to organophosphorus insecticides, which are not measured by the standard bioassay of this enzyme The applicability of the assay to metabolic and toxicological studies is demonstrated, and the de termination of the specific activity of BChE is recommended as a rational diagnostic tool after measurement of both activity and concentration of the enzyme

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Residues and effects in mice after drilling wheat treated with chlorfenvinphos and an organomercurial fungicide

Cited by 39 publications

References 18 publications

An intensive field trial to assess hazards to birds and mammals from the use of methiocarb as a bird repellent on ripening cherries

An intensive field trial to assess hazards to birds and mammals from the use of methiocarb as a bird repellent on ripening cherries

Variation of Brain and Serum Cholinesterase Activity with Age in Wild Small Mammals

An Elisa assay for avian serum butyrylcholinesterase: A biomarker for organophosphates

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