Residue, dissipation, and safety evaluation of etoxazole and pyridaben in Goji berry under open-field conditions in the China’s Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Chen, Hongyu; Li, Wei; Guo, Lei; Wu, Hua Hsi; Wei, Youhai; Guo, Qing

doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7671-1

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Standardized pesticide residue registration tests are mainly conducted for the development of rational pesticide use guidelines and MRLs (Chen et al, 2019; Zhang et al, 2019). To develop analytical methods, the analysis of field samples was used to clarify the dynamic patterns, assess the risk and set MRLs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the dissipative behaviour and final residue of sodium nitrophenol in jujube by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Lan

et al. 2022

Biomedical Chromatography

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Through field trials and residue analysis, the dissipation behaviour and final residue levels of sodium nitrophenol on jujube were clarified to provide a basis for its safe application and the development of maximum residue limits. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up by a hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced solid-phase extraction column, determined by ultra-high LC-tandem mass spectrometry and quantified by the external standard method. The mean recoveries of sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate, sodium o-nitrophenol and sodium p-nitrophenol were 88.9%-103.8%, with relative standard deviations less than 13.6% at 0.002-0.2 mg/kg spiked levels. Sodium nitrophenol in jujube was dissipated according to the first-order kinetic equation with half-lives of 12.7-17.4 days. At a harvesting interval of 7 days, the residues of sodium nitrophenol in jujube were lower than the limit of 0.03 mg/kg established by the European Food Safety Authority. Residues of jujube were acceptable at a harvest interval of 7 days when sodium nitrophenol was sprayed twice at 9.0 mg/kg with an interval of 7 days. Therefore, the safety interval for sodium nitrophenol application on jujube can be set as 7 days.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the dissipative behaviour and final residue of sodium nitrophenol in jujube by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Lan

et al. 2022

Biomedical Chromatography

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“…Huang et al [13] also used GC to simultaneously detect 50 kinds of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in Goji berries. Chen et al [14] analyzed the etoxazole and pyridaben contents of Goji berries using GC method. Therefore, GC was also applied in the present study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels, daily exposures, and health risk assessment of pesticides and metals in fruits of Lycium barbarum L. (Goji berries) sourced from different locations in Ningxia, China

Zhang

Qin

Wang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background The berries of Lycium barbarum L. (Goji) are widely used as a Chinese traditional herbal medicine and functional food because of their reported beneficial pharmacological effects. However, there are reports of Goji berries being contaminated by chemical residues that could pose a hazard to humans. Methods In this study, samples of L. barbarum L. berries were collected from plantations in a genuine production area and supermarkets in Ningxia, China. The major hazardous chemicals, including pesticides (dichlorvos, omethoate, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, malathion, and deltamethrin) and metals (lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc, and arsenic), were quantified by gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. In addition, associated daily exposures and health risks were determined using deterministic and probabilistic assessments. Results The levels of five pesticides from the plantation samples were considerably lower than the maximum residue limits; only dichlorvos was detected in the supermarket samples, and deltamethrin was not detected in any samples. Copper, zinc, arsenic, lead, nickel and cadmium were detected in samples from both sources. The hazard quotient values of individual hazardous chemicals and the hazard index of combined hazardous chemicals were considerably less than 1, indicating the absence of a non-carcinogenic effect of hazardous chemical exposures through Goji berry consumption. The R value of arsenic was much less than 10− 6, which shows that consumption of the Goji berries had no obvious carcinogenic risks. Conclusions The potentially harmful effects of the L. barbarum L. are more likely from berries obtained from plantations than those from supermarkets, and metal exposure is more dangerous than pesticide exposure. However, on the basis of our analysis, no population would be exposed hazardous chemicals exceeding existing standards, and the factors most affecting the health risk were exposure frequency and arsenic content.

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“…The separation methods of etoxazole enantiomers include reverse-phase HPLC [ 30 ], normal-phase HPLC [ 31 ], ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) [ 32 ], ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) [ 3 ], and gas chromatography (GC) [ 15 ]. However, the systematic comparison of chiral separation of etoxazole enantiomers under normal-phase HPLC and reverse-phase HPLC has not been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Etoxazole has an asymmetric chiral carbon atom in its chemical structure and consists of two enantiomers (R-etoxazole and S-etoxazole, at a ratio of 1:1) [3]. In recent years, etoxazole residue has been reported in soil, berry, apple, orange, and vegetables [13][14][15][16], which poses a high risk for human and environmental health. Enantiomer separation of chiral pesticides is the first step in enantiomer risk assessment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chiral Separation and Determination of Etoxazole Enantiomers in Vegetables by Normal-Phase and Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Zhang

Shi

et al. 2020

Molecules

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The chiral separation of etoxazole enantiomers on Lux Cellulose-1, Lux Cellulose-3, Chiralpak IC, and Chiralpak AD chiral columns was carefully investigated by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hexane/isopropanol, hexane/n-butanol, methanol/water, and acetonitrile/water were used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The effects of chiral stationary phase, mobile phase component, mobile phase ratio, and temperature on etoxazole separation were also studied. Etoxazole enantiomers were baseline separated on Lux Cellulose-1, Chiralpak IC, and Chiralpak AD chiral columns, and partially separated on Lux Cellulose-3 chiral column under normal-phase HPLC. However, the complete separation on Lux Cellulose-1, Chiralpak IC, and partial separation on Chiralpak AD were obtained under reverse-phase HPLC. Normal-phase HPLC presented better resolution for etoxazole enantiomers than reverse-phase HPLC. Thermodynamic parameters, including ΔH and ΔS, were also calculated based on column temperature changes from 10 °C to 40 °C, and the maximum resolutions (Rs) were not always acquired at the lowest temperature. Furthermore, the optimized method was successfully applied to determine etoxazole enantiomers in cucumber, cabbage, tomato, and soil. The results of chiral separation efficiency of etoxazole enantiomers under normal-phase and reverse-phase HPLC were compared, and contribute to the comprehensive environmental risk assessment of etoxazole at the enantiomer level.

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Residue, dissipation, and safety evaluation of etoxazole and pyridaben in Goji berry under open-field conditions in the China’s Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

Determination of the dissipative behaviour and final residue of sodium nitrophenol in jujube by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Determination of the dissipative behaviour and final residue of sodium nitrophenol in jujube by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Levels, daily exposures, and health risk assessment of pesticides and metals in fruits of Lycium barbarum L. (Goji berries) sourced from different locations in Ningxia, China

Chiral Separation and Determination of Etoxazole Enantiomers in Vegetables by Normal-Phase and Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

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