Residual levels and risk assessment of eugenol and its isomers in fish from China markets

Eugenol dosages in the anesthetic induction of Amazonian Tambaqui under different temperatures

“…At higher temperatures, the metabolic rate of fishes is higher and induction to anesthesia is consequently faster. Ke et al (2018) have observed eugenol residues ranging from 3.1 to 30.7 μg.kg -1 in the higher concentration of the compound in fish from colder seawater compared to hotter freshwater, 19.0% vs 4.7% respectively. In the present study, the results show that the temperature of the pounds water that supplied the tambaqui farms, had varied between 27.0 to 39.7°C, with a mean value of the ponds around 29.0°C.…”

“…The purification rate depends on the type of drug used, target species, concentration, and route of administration, which can take a few hours to several weeks (Delbom and Ranzani Paiva, 2012). Even though anesthetic residues present in fish are not harmful to human consumption (Ke et al, 2018), they may interfere in the natural flavor of the fish (Cunha et al, 2010).…”

“…Usually during the fish production the biometric measures of animals are needed in order to count it's biomass and feed rate procedures, thus, when handled, the tambaqui individuals become agitated, which causes them injuries and lose of scales, in consequence these animals become more susceptible to be affected by pathogens as fungus and bacteria's which can cause the fish death, also bring a high damage to the fish farming production system (Iguchi et al, 2003). In this sense, alternatives that can decrease stress for fish are important, thus it is frequently necessary to sedate or anaesthetize the fish before the handling procedures (Cunha et al, 2010;Rotili et al, 2012;Ke, et al, 2018).…”

“…Usually to choice an anesthetic to be used in the fish farming production, it will depends on the quality and the cost of the constituent, its availability in the market, its efficiency, the purpose of use, and the destination of the animal after the application of the drug, which are all characteristics met by eugenol compost (Roubach et al, 2005;Ke, et al, 2018).…”

Knowledge of, and Attitudes towards, Live Fish Transport among Aquaculture Industry Stakeholders in China: A Qualitative Study

“…Tricaine methane sulphonate (MS-222) is a common sedative that is approved as a food fish anesthetic by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but it requires a 21-day withdrawal period before sale [ 57 ]. No anesthetics have been approved in China for fish handling and live transport of food fish [ 58 ]. The safety of aquatic products evokes concern from the public [ 58 ], and nowadays, there are more than 40 standards or regulations that control drug residual levels in aquatic products in China [ 59 ].…”