Residential water demand modelling and hydraulic reliability in design of building water supply systems: a review

Mangalekar, Rohit D; Gumaste, K. S.

doi:10.2166/ws.2021.021

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In-depth reviews of water demand models for residential buildings have been conducted in many studies (Hobbs et al 2019;Jack et al 2017;Mangalekar and Gumaste 2021;Wong and Mui 2018). Existing techniques for peak demand estimation can be categorized as (1) probabilistic-, (2) empirical-, and (3) stochastic-based models.…”

Section: International Development Of Residential Water Demand Estima...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Actual and Designed Water Demand in Australian Multilevel Residential Buildings

Josey

Buchberger

Gong

2023

J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage.

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There is now evidence that many long-standing international plumbing codes significantly overestimate the peak water demand in multilevel residential buildings. The overestimation of this design value may have adverse effects on construction cost, energy consumption, water quality, and safe operation. This research aims to assess the performance of the current Australian and New Zealand cold water plumbing standard in peak demand design for multilevel residential buildings. A literature review was conducted on the international development of residential water demand estimation models. The Australian practice of peak demand design is compared against selected international plumbing codes and some newly proposed approaches using a fixed apartment layout as a benchmark. Following this, the paper compares the actual water demand of four Australian multilevel residential buildings with the designed peak demand (99th percentile flow) from the Australian and New Zealand standard and selected international plumbing codes. Results show that the adjusted 99th percentile flow rates (adjusted from raw measurements to count for the impact of sampling interval) are only 23%-28% of the nominal design values from the Australian and New Zealand standard. None of the international peak demand design standards considered in this research can be readily applied to Australian multilevel residential buildings. Research needs are identified, including the impact of the sampling interval, the practical definition of the 99th percentile flow, the implications of reduced pipe sizes, and other limitations in current plumbing system design practices. This research serves as an informative reference for researchers, industry, and regulatory bodies working on improving their existing plumbing design standards.

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Section: International Development Of Residential Water Demand Estima...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Actual and Designed Water Demand in Australian Multilevel Residential Buildings

Josey

Buchberger

Gong

2023

J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage.

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“…Higher demand uncertainty poses complexity in design and analysis of WDNs. A hydraulically reliable design should accommodate inevitable demand variations (Mangalekar & Gumaste 2021). The conventional method of hydraulic analysis, called demand-driven (DD) analysis, assumes demands as pressure independent known functions of time.…”

Section: Pdd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various resilience indexes have been developed in the past based on the energy flows within a network. The Todini's Resilience Index (RI) (Todini 2000) indirectly measures the energy at nodes in terms of surplus head, which can be utilized during critical operating conditions (Mangalekar & Gumaste 2021). In the present work, modified resilience index (MRI), introduced by Jayaram & Srinivasan (2008), is used to calculate resilience which considers multiple sources in a network.…”

Section: Maximization Of Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-objective Rao algorithm in resilience-based optimal design of water distribution networks

Jain

Khare

2022

Water Supply

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Multi-objective meta-heuristics are used to optimize water distribution networks (WDNs) as they can achieve near-optimal balance between cost and resilience in a unified platform. Majority of these algorithms include tuning of algorithm-specific control parameters for higher optimization efficiency, leading to an increased computational effort. The current study is inspired by the desire to address the above problem. The goal is to formulate a multi-objective Rao algorithm (MORao) considering an existing modified resilience index (MRI) in the optimal design of WDN. The model is demonstrated to attain Pareto-optimal solutions to complex WDN problems without exclusive parameter tuning. The algorithm is written in Python and is linked to a hydraulic model of a WDN implemented in EPANET 2.2 using pressure-driven demand (PDD) analysis. The method is demonstrated on three widely used networks: Two-loop, Goyang, and Fossolo. The Pareto-optimal solutions examine a tradeoff between two objectives to recognize competitive solutions. The network's resilience is increased 2.5 times by only 0.8 times increase in least-cost of TLN. This research indicates that this method can achieve a satisfactory level of performance with a limited number of function evaluations.

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“…12 Several other drawbacks of Hunter's Fixture Units method underline the need for an alternative approach to be used. 13 Accordingly, many researchers came up with different methods of estimating the water demands in residential buildings and for pipe sizing in BWSS. Amongst several approaches for residential water demand modeling proposed by researchers, some important ones such as simplified mathematical models, 14 Poisson's Rectangular Pulse model, 15 Neyman-Scott Rectangular Pulse model, 16 End-use models, [17][18][19][20][21] and models using softcomputing techniques 2,19,22 can be cited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

User-based fuzzy end-use modeling of indoor urban residential water demand

Mangalekar¹,

Gumaste²

2022

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

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Stochastic models for estimating residential water demand use high-resolution field data consuming large costs and significant time. An attempt for the accurate estimation of water demand may result in its complex analytical model due to numerous factors affecting the water use event. Moreover, as the water supply system is always subjected to variations in demand, the accuracy of water demand estimation in its design can be side-lined. The water demand in residential buildings is mainly governed by the users’ characteristics and their daily schedule. In this view, the use of Fuzzy Logic can be advantageous to model the uncertainty in water demands. The presented study attempts to provide a methodology to estimate urban indoor residential water demand with the help of user-based end-use models in the absence of field data and generate various possible water demand patterns of fixtures. Usergroups were created for assuming spatial variations in water demand. Fuzzy Logic was used to develop the end-use models using data on urban users’ characteristics, their diurnal activities, and water use habits to estimate the demand characteristics of fixtures. The model may also facilitate the computation of pipe sizing in building water supply systems.

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Residential water demand modelling and hydraulic reliability in design of building water supply systems: a review

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Comparing Actual and Designed Water Demand in Australian Multilevel Residential Buildings

Comparing Actual and Designed Water Demand in Australian Multilevel Residential Buildings

Multi-objective Rao algorithm in resilience-based optimal design of water distribution networks

User-based fuzzy end-use modeling of indoor urban residential water demand

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