“…It has been shown, for example, that high levels of intrinsic motivation (Gottfried, 1985(Gottfried, , 1990, perception of the usefulness of math (Armstrong, 1985), and positive attitudes toward math (Ashcraft, Kirk, & Hopko, 1998;Ma, 1997;Utsumi & Mendes, 2000) are associated with high math performance. Similarly, task-value in learning to read has been shown to be associated with several components of reading performance (e.g.…”