Population ageing is one of the significant social transformations of the 21st century which poses healthcare challenges for caregivers and creates an enormous global burden in social economy. As reported in China's seventh National Census on 12 May 2021, the population aged 60 and over is 264 million, constituting 18.70% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and over is 191 million, accounting for 13.50% of the national total population (Tu et al., 2021). It is expected that there will be 365 million aged 65+ Chinese by 2050, a number representing 26.1% of the country's total population. In addition, of this ageing population, 115 million are expected to reach the age of 80 and 0.6 million are expected to become centenarians (Fang et al., 2020).