Research progress on carbon materials as negative electrodes in sodium‐ and potassium‐ion batteries

Abstract

Carbon materials, including graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, are widely used as high‐performance negative electrodes for sodium‐ion and potassium‐ion batteries (SIBs and PIBs). Compared with other materials, carbon materials are abundant, low‐cost, and environmentally friendly, and have excellent electrochemical properties, which make them especially suitable for negative electrode materials of SIBs and PIBs. Compared with traditional carbon materials, modifications of the morphology and size of nanomaterials represent effective strategies to improve the quality of electrode materials. Different nanostructures make different contributions toward improving the electrochemical performance of electrode materials, so the synthesis of nanomaterials is promising for controlling the morphology and size of electrode materials. This paper reviews the progress made and challenges in the use of carbon materials as negative electrode materials for SIBs and PIBs in recent years. The differences in Na+ and K+ storage mechanisms among different types of carbon materials are emphasized.

Boron–Phosphorus Codoped Coral-like Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium Ion Storage

“…To gain insight into the sodium storage properties of CABP materials, Figure S2a-c illustrates the electrochemical kinetic mechanism based on CV tests. The relationship between the peak current (i) and the scan rate (ν) can be obtained by the following formula 48 = i av b (3) where a and b are variables. 49 Usually, the behavior of diffusion or capacitance control can be determined with a b value of 0.5 or 1, respectively.…”

“…However, LIBs are becoming more and more expensive with the consumption of lithium resources . Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) stand out from many secondary batteries due to their abundant resources, environmental friendliness, and low price. , Due to the similar physical and chemical properties of lithium and sodium, most electrode materials can be used universally. However, the graphite anode materials commonly used in LIBs are difficult to form stable intercalation compounds with Na + , which makes it difficult to achieve high-efficiency storage of Na + . − Therefore, the development of high-performance anode materials is the current focus.…”

The Progress of Hard Carbon as an Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…( b ) Rate performances at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10, 20, and 50 A g −1 , respectively. ( c ) The electrochemical performance of different HC materials [ 15 , 23 , 37 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. ( d ) The long-term cycling performance of HCM-1300-ZBE at 2 A g −1 .…”

“…The design of novel anode materials with excellent performance and low cost can accelerate the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. Among the many anode electrode materials of sodium-ion batteries, hard carbon materials have the superiority of high capacity, low price, and low working voltage, and their unique structure is conducive to sodium-ion adsorption and reversible embedding/removal, showing excellent sodium storage performance, making them the most likely anode materials to be commercialized [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. When commercializing hard carbon materials, troubles such as low first-cycle coulombic efficiency, terrible rate performance, and poor cycle stability are also faced [ 58 , 59 , 60 ].…”

Microstructure regulation of resin-based hard carbons via esterification cross-linking for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Here, carbonaceous materials with outstanding structural stability, resource abundance, and low cost are regarded as the most promising anode materials. [13][14][15] However, graphite, a typical commercial anode material for LIBs, is inappropriate for SIBs in a conventional ester electrolyte owing to the large sodium ion radius and thermodynamic reasons. 16,17 Fortunately, amorphous carbons with a disordered crystalline structure and a larger interlayer distance show superior Na-storage performance with potential application prospects towards practical SIBs.…”