Microstructure regulation of resin-based hard carbons via esterification cross-linking for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Phenolic resin (PF) is a common carbon precursor with low cost and rich carbon content. However, PF-derived carbon is often characterized by a high degree of structural regularity and small...

Closed pore structure engineering from ultra-micropores with the assistance of polypropylene for boosted sodium ion storage

“…The charge/discharge profiles consisted of a low-potential plateau region (<0.1 V) and a high-potential sloping region (>0.1 V), which is associated with the Na + filling in the closed pores and adsorption onto surfaces, edges, and defects, respectively. 13,48 PFC, with its abundant ultra-micropores and a large specific surface area, delivered a reversible sodium storage capacity of only 69.3 mA h g −1 , which originated entirely from the sloping region, consistent with the absence of low-potential oxidation peak in the CV curves. In addition, the large number of open ultra-micropores allowed the electrolyte to decompose on the surface of the electrodes, leading to an extremely low ICE of 21.9%.…”

Recent Progress in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…Hard carbon with low potential plateau capacity can improve the energy density of sodium-ion batteries, and phenolic resin with low potential plateau capacity stands out among resin-based precursors as a common hard carbon precursor material. Zhou et al [112] used phenolic resin as a precursor by introducing 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic acid-dianhydride, and after carbonized at 1200 °C, the PPFC-1-6-1200 electrode was used as the anode. In addition to excellent cycling and rate performance, PPFC-1-6-1200 had a reversible capacity of up to 308.7 mAh g À1 and ICE of 77.9% (Table 2).…”

Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

“…One of the major concerns regarding the utilization of phenolic resins as HC feedstocks is the toxicity and carcinogenicity of starting monomer precursors. There is an ongoing effort to use environment-friendly green chemicals as starting monomers for the synthesis of phenolic resins. − Phenolic resin-derived HCs exhibit a relatively higher level of structural regularity and low interlayer spaces, which hinder electrochemical performance . The low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), and limited cycling performance are also observed in HC derived from phenolic resins .…”

“…HC having high surface area results in the reductive decomposition of electrolytes during cycling experiments leading to the formation of undesirable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and consequent poor electrode performance. The aforementioned technical issues could be addressed by modifying the cross-linked structure of phenolic resins such as esterification, preoxidation, epoxy modification, sucrose modification, , etc.…”

“…49−51 Phenolic resin-derived HCs exhibit a relatively higher level of structural regularity and low interlayer spaces, which hinder electrochemical performance. 52 The low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), and limited cycling performance are also observed in HC derived from phenolic resins. 53 An additional technical disadvantage is the release of a large number of small gas molecules during the high-temperature carbonization process that results in HC structure with surface defects and high porosity.…”