Research Progress on Biomimetic Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Glucose Sensors

Abstract

Diabetes has become a chronic disease that necessitates timely and accurate detection. Among various detection methods, electrochemical glucose sensors have attracted much attention because of low cost, real-time detection, and simple and easy operation. Nonenzymatic biomimetic nanomaterials are the vital part in electrochemical glucose sensors. This review article summarizes the methods to enhance the glucose sensing performance of noble metal, transition metal oxides, and carbon-based materials and introduces biomimetic nanomaterials used in noninvasive glucose detection in sweat, tear, urine, and saliva. Based on these, this review provides the foundation for noninvasive determination of trace glucose for diabetic patients in the future.

Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials for Micro/Nanodevices: A New Era in Biomedical Applications

“…Bio-inspired nanomaterials (BINMs), alternatively referred to as biomimetic nanomaterials (BNMs), are a class of materials that are intentionally engineered and manufactured to replicate the intricate structures, functionalities, or mechanisms observed in natural biological systems [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. These advancements offer a novel trajectory for the field of material science, facilitating the creation of materials possessing unique characteristics that can effectively tackle a wide range of scientific, technological, and environmental obstacles through successful applications in multidimensional sectors, including medicine and healthcare [ 4 ], biotechnology and bioengineering [ 5 ], energy [ 6 ], environment [ 7 ], material science [ 8 ], robotics [ 9 , 10 ], and many more [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Various biological entities, including proteins, DNA [ 14 , 15 ], cells [ 16 ], and complete organisms [ 17 ], can serve as sources of inspiration for these materials.…”

Enzyme-free electrochemical sensor platforms based on transition metal nanostructures for clinical diagnostics

“…A recent research study presents that the detection of lactic acid and glucose in body fluids, including tear, saliva, sweat, and urine, using non-invasive techniques is remarkable. 16,21,22…”

Two-Dimensional Copper/Nickel Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Detection

“…Metal oxides and hydroxides of copper or nickel have attracted more attention by researchers because of their excellent stability and electrochemical properties [13][14][15]. In addition to precious metals, metal oxides, and hydroxides in non-enzymatic glucose sensing, some transition metals, such as copper [16], cobalt [17], and nickel [18], have attracted more attention by researchers [19].…”