Research on the cost forecast of China's photovoltaic industry

Abstract

Global energy and environmental problems are increasing in severity. Countries worldwide are more concerned about and are paying greater attention to strengthening their energy‐saving and emissions‐reduction efforts, protecting the environment and promoting the development of new energy. Solar energy is becoming the mainstream of the global power industry because of its significant resources and low cost. This paper provides an overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art of photovoltaic electricity technology (‘photovoltaic’ or PV) in China and addresses its potential for future cost reductions. This paper analyses the relationship between current renewable energy costs and cumulative production, development and demonstration expenditures, and other institutional influences. The theoretical framework of a learning curve offers a complete methodology for examining the underlying capital cost trajectory when developing electricity cost estimates used in energy policy planning models. The cumulative production needed to achieve ‘break‐even’ (the point at which PV is competitive with conventional alternatives) is estimated for a range of learning curve parameter values. The social cost (pollution costs and value‐added tax considered) of PV is calculated, and the question of whether and how the ‘cost cap’ can be bridged is posed, the latter being the difference between what this cumulative production will cost and what it would cost if it could be produced at a currently competitive level. We also estimate how much PV could gain if the external costs (attributable to environmental and health damage) of energy were internalised, such as through an energy tax. We use the simulated results to provide suggestions for relevant PV industrial policymaking.

USING CATEGORICAL DEA TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF SUBSIDY POLICIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL LEARNING ON R&D EFFICIENCY OF IT INDUSTRY

“…This knowledge can be accumulated through continuous learning over a certain period of time, and this cumulative result can be considered a stock of knowledge at a certain time point. Previous studies have shown that technological learning can reduce R&D expenditures and further improve R&D efficiency over time (Wang, H. Li, R. Li, B. Li, & Zhu, 2016). A firm's technological learning experience curve is determined both by knowledge accumulation resulting from informal R&D (through gaining experience from an increase in production) and by formal R&D expenditures (which indicate the level of past support).…”

p-Quinol Ethers and p-Quinone Monoacetals as Arylation and Oxidation Reagents: Tandem N-Arylation and α-Functionalization of Pyrrolidine via Redox-Neutral Three-Component Reaction

“…14 16 For example, Qu et al reported the three-component couplings of pyrrolidin-3-ol and p -benzoquinone monoacetal with vinyl- and arylboronic acids to selectively afford cis -2-substituted 3-pyrrolidinols. 16a Recently, we 14` e f g h and others 16b c reported a series of transformations involving QMAs, primary amines/amino acids, with/without another nucleophile to afford 3-aminoarylphosphoryl products, N -aryl-2-arylpyrrolidines, octahydrodipyrroloquinolines, and bridged oxocyclic compounds selectively. Here, we report our results on two sets of MCRs involving QEs/QMAs as both the arylation components and the oxidants, and H-phosphine oxides/naphthols as the terminating nucleophiles to accomplish the process of N -arylation of the simple pyrrolidine with α-phosphinylation or arylation.…”

Degradation of Atenolol with Electrochemical Oxidation at Mixed Metal Oxide Electrodes Assisted by UV Photolysis

“…Hydroxyl radicals and reactive chlorine species (e.g., • Cl and • Cl 2 À ) are the primary reactive species during the UV/chlorine AOP, and the contributions of • Cl 2 are negligible due to its generally less reactivity with organic substances. [37,38] Meanwhile, many studies have reported the application of the UV/ chlorine process, the roles of • OH and • Cl in the degradation of pollutants have not been distinguished except for the case of benzoic acid. [39] As the rates of ATL degradation during the photo-electrolysis processes followed first order kinetics, a kinetic model can be developed to describe the degradation of ATL as shown in Eq.…”

“…[15,17] Among various AOPs, UV irradiation combined with chlorine (UV/chlorine) process has shown comparable efficiency with UV/H 2 O 2 for the destruction of organic pollutants in water treatment. [18][19][20][21] The elementary reactions in the UV/chlorine process can be summarized as Eqs. (1)- (6).…”