Degradation of Atenolol with Electrochemical Oxidation at Mixed Metal Oxide Electrodes Assisted by UV Photolysis

Abstract

Electrochemical oxidation has drawn considerable research attention for the destruction of organic contaminants. This study utilizes the combination of electrolysis and the UV photolysis process to degrade the β‐blocker atenolol (ATL). The results show that the combination of electrolysis and UV photolysis is superior to a single process alone based on the removal rates of ATL and electrical efficiency per order (EE/O). In situ electrogenerated chlorine is confirmed to be responsible for ATL degradation with NaCl electrolytes, and mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes play a more significant role in the generation of active chlorine than platinum (Pt) anodes. Moreover, reactive species (hydroxyl radical •OH and chlorine radical •Cl) mainly contributed to ATL degradation during the photo‐electrolysis process. Increasing the concentration of NaCl electrolytes and applied current densities can enhance the ATL degradation. Finally, major intermediate products are identified, and a possible degradation pathway of ATL is proposed during the photo‐electrolysis processes. This study demonstrate that the photo‐electrolysis process can be considered as a potential technology for the destruction of pharmaceutical pollutants in water.

Nanocarbon Dimensionality and Oxidation Degree Influence the Sorption of Atenolol: Implications for Water Treatment

“…Many solutions have been tested in recent years to efficiently remove drugs like atenolol from aqueous systems, such as advanced oxidative processes and photodegradation, ,,, catalysis, biological processes, ozonation, and nanofiltration . Chlorination was also able to degrade atenolol effectively but, at the same time, generated many byproducts with high toxicity. , Therefore, implementing technologies that apply porous materials to remove pharmaceuticals from water through the sorption processes has gained much attention in recent years. , Many materials are used to remove different organic compounds. − Among the materials used to remove atenolol from water are activated carbons, ,− montmorillonite, , kaolinite, porous metal–organic frameworks (MOF), polymers, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), − and graphene oxide (GO). , …”

“…3 Chlorination was also able to degrade atenolol effectively but, at the same time, generated many byproducts with high toxicity. 12,14 Therefore, implementing technologies that apply porous materials to remove pharmaceuticals from water through the sorption processes has gained much attention in recent years. 14,15 organic compounds.…”

“…12,14 Therefore, implementing technologies that apply porous materials to remove pharmaceuticals from water through the sorption processes has gained much attention in recent years. 14,15 organic compounds. 16−19 Among the materials used to remove atenolol from water are activated carbons, 15,20−22 montmorillonite, 23,24 kaolinite, 25 porous metal−organic frameworks (MOF), 26 polymers, 27 multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), 28−30 and graphene oxide (GO).…”

Anti-corrosion porous RuO2/NbC anodes for the electrochemical oxidation of phenol

“…Electrochemical oxidation has been reported with different anodes, including dense and porous materials. Dense materials, such as metal electrodes, [7][8][9] metal oxide electrodes (PbO 2 , Bi 2 O 5 -PbO 5 , IrO 2 and SnO 2 ), 10,11 borondoped diamond (BDD) electrodes [12][13][14][15] and dimensionally stable anodes (DSA, i.e., Ti/IrO 2 , Ti/RuO 2 and Ti/SnO 2 ), 16 have attracted interest from many researchers because of their improved conductivity and catalytic activity. Porous electrodes, such as active carbon bres, 17 carbon nanotubes 18 and other porous materials, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] have been proposed as a result of their high specic surface areas, electrical conductivity and chemical resistance.…”

Análise dos processos de eletro-oxidação simples e foto-assistido usando ânodo de mistura de óxidos metálicos comercial em meio alcoólico e atrazina como composto modelo

“…Esse comportamento também foi evidenciado por (BARBARI et al, 2018;DIONÍSIO et al, 2020;HUSSAIN et al, 2017;MALPASS et al, 2009;PEREIRA et al, 2019;ZHAO et al, 2019;ZHU et al, 2018).…”