“…Other studies have explored the optimization of printing parameters to improve the mechanical properties and surface quality of FDM-printed parts [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Material reinforcement studies have focused on adding fibers, fillers, particles, or other materials to the base FDM material to improve mechanical properties and functionality [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Additionally, FDM printing has been applied in various fields, such as tissue engineering in biomedical engineering, where scaffold architectures have been created using FDM printing [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”