Research Forum: Assessing the Patterns of Citizen Resistance During Arrests

Ross, Darrell L.

doi:10.1037/e313142004-002

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…In addition, these findings are also noteworthy since previous research tends to suggest that demographic variables are highly associated with the use of force (e.g. Locke, 1995;Weisburd et al, 2000;Ross, 1999;Adams et al, 1999). Table 4 shows the analysis for both subject and situational variables.…”

Section: Logistic Regressionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…The type of call that the police respond to has also been found to be predictive of police use of force (e.g. Stetser, 2001;Ross, 1999;Worden, 1995;Garner et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Locke, 1995;Weisburd et al, 2000), a younger male (e.g. Ross, 1999;Adams et al, 1999;Alpert & Dunham, 1997), intoxicated (e.g. Stetser, 2001;Ross, 1999;Henriquez, 1999;Alpert & Dunham, 2000;McEwen, 1996), and resisting police (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ross, 1999;Adams et al, 1999;Alpert & Dunham, 1997), intoxicated (e.g. Stetser, 2001;Ross, 1999;Henriquez, 1999;Alpert & Dunham, 2000;McEwen, 1996), and resisting police (e.g. Adams et al, 1999;Garner et al, 1995;Hall, 1997;McEwen, 1996;Worden, 1995) increases the likelihood of exposure to non-lethal force during police-citizen encounters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been suggested that younger individuals are more likely to be subjected to police use of force than are older individuals and that males are more likely than females to have force used against them (Ross, 1999;Adams et al, 1999;Alpert & Dunham, 1997). Moreover, the type of call has also been mentioned as a significant use-of-force predictor (Stetser, 2001;Ross, 1999;Worden, 1995;Garner et al, 1995) and several studies have shown that suspect intoxication greatly increases the probability of police use of force (Stetser, 2001;Ross, 1999;Henriquez, 1999;Alpert & Dunham, 1997;McEwen, 1996). Furthermore, suspect resistance, at the time of the encounter, has also been strongly associated with an increased likelihood of police use of force (Terrell, 2001;Adams et al, 1999;Garner et al, 1995;Hall, 1997;McEwen, 1996;Worden, 1995).…”

Section: Previous Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting Use of Non-Lethal Force in a Mid-Size Police Department: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Influence of Subject and Situational Variables

Leinfelt

2005

The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles

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Historically, most research investigating use of non-lethal force predictors have found that certain subject characteristics increase the likelihood of non-lethal force occurring in a police–citizen encounter. Original police-reported use of force data ( N=3,673) was gathered over a period of 27 months in a Midwestern jurisdiction employing 50 sworn officers. The present dataset was unique in that it was not dependent upon whether an arrest was made. The present findings generally support the findings of studies conducted in larger urban police departments. For example, use of force is infrequent, suspects are more likely to have force used against them while resisting arrest, use of force is not consistently related to age, the likelihood of use of force increases when the suspect was male. This study failed to find that intoxication is a good predictor of non-lethal force. It was concluded that police use of non-lethal force is applied under similar circumstances regardless of community and department size.

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Section: Logistic Regressionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…The type of call that the police respond to has also been found to be predictive of police use of force (e.g. Stetser, 2001;Ross, 1999;Worden, 1995;Garner et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Predicting Use of Non-Lethal Force in a Mid-Size Police Department: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Influence of Subject and Situational Variables

Leinfelt

2005

The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles

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An assessment of Graham v. Connor, ten years later

Ross

2002

Policing

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Allegations of excessive force in policing have been cited as one of the most frequent claims filed against the police in arrest situations. The United States Supreme Court in Graham v. Connor (1989) determined that``objective reasonableness'' is the Fourth Amendment standard to be used in evaluating claims of excessive force. This paper analyzes the patterns of lower federal court decisions in 1,200 published Section 1983 cases decided from 1989 to 1999. The assessment examines how these courts have applied and interpreted the standard in four categories involving force. Policy and training issues are discussed and future research concerns are presented.

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Police use of force and the cumulative force factor

Wolf

Mesloh

Henych

et al. 2009

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &Amp; Management

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PurposeThis paper aims to build on and contribute to earlier studies on use of force by the police, and examines both officer and suspect force levels during altercations.Design/methodology/approachPrior attempts to study non‐lethal force have only recently begun to examine the multiple levels of force that may be used within a single encounter, advocating the use of a “force factor” approach. This study examines 4,303 “use of force” reports from the two agencies in Florida for a five‐year period.FindingsSimilar to prior studies which utilized data gathered by observation, this current study finds that law enforcement officers are operating at a force deficit; officer levels of force are consistently less than suspect resistance levels.Research limitations/implicationsData examined through police reports have certain inherent limitations, including the bias of the reporting officer. Analyses of these reports make it impossible for researchers to determine the length of each portion of a conflict. While verbal commands, threats, handcuffing, and takedowns may be important forces to review, they are not well represented in the data collected.Practical implicationsThese findings have critical implications for law enforcement by continuing to examine conflicts where police force is utilized, showing the importance of officers to be prepared to use decisive force at the point where verbal techniques and force de‐escalation have failed.Originality/valueThis paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it continues to expand the scholarly review of police use of force, utilizing existing force continua to analyze the data, and taking into account levels of suspect resistance.

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Research Forum: Assessing the Patterns of Citizen Resistance During Arrests

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Predicting Use of Non-Lethal Force in a Mid-Size Police Department: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Influence of Subject and Situational Variables

Predicting Use of Non-Lethal Force in a Mid-Size Police Department: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Influence of Subject and Situational Variables

An assessment of Graham v. Connor, ten years later

Police use of force and the cumulative force factor

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