Research and Technological Advances Regarding the Study of the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Related to Animal Husbandry

Abstract

The extensive use of antimicrobials in animal farms poses serious safety hazards to both the environment and public health, and this trend is likely to continue. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are a class of emerging pollutants that are difficult to remove once introduced. Understanding the environmental transfer of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs is pivotal for creating control measures. In this review, we summarize the research progress on the spread and detection of ARB and ARG pollution related to animal husbandry. Molecular methods such as high-throughput sequencing have greatly enriched the information about ARB communities. However, it remains challenging to delineate mechanisms regarding ARG induction, transmission, and tempo-spatial changes in the whole process, from animal husbandry to multiple ecosystems. As a result, future research should be more focused on the mechanisms of ARG induction, transmission, and control. We also expect that future research will rely more heavily on metagenomic -analysis, metatranscriptomic sequencing, and multi-omics technologies

Emerging pollutants—Part II: Treatment

“…With the development of society and the improvement of living standard, the production and consumption of PPCPs are increasing (Papageorgiou, Zioris, Danis, Bikiaris, & Lambropoulou, 2019). PPCPs can enter the environment with domestic wastewater, hospital wastewater, pharmaceutical wastewater, landfill leachate, and animal manure (Li, Gao, et al, 2019; Li, Li, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Zeng, et al, 2019; Li, Liu, Zhang, Li, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Xia, Wang, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Hu, et al, 2019; Li, Sun, Zhang, Feng, et al, 2019; Li, Wang, et al, 2019; Li, Yuan, Gao, Wang, & Sheng, 2019). At present, PPCPs of ng/L–μg/L level have been detected in water, soil, wastewater, and sludge of many countries and regions (Alonso, Demetrio, Capparelli, & Marino, 2019; Pérez‐Lemus, López‐Serna, Pérez‐Elvira, & Barrado, 2019).…”

“…According to the flow direction of wastewater, CWs can be mainly divided into surface flow, subsurface flow, and vertical flow CWs (Ghimire, Nandimandalam, Martinez‐Guerra, & Gude, 2019; Nivala et al, 2019; Phong Vo et al, 2019; Rabello, Teixeira, Gonçalves, & Salomão, 2019). The removal of EPs by CWs is mainly through the absorption and degradation (Li, Gao, et al, 2019; Li, Li, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Zeng, et al, 2019; Li, Liu, Zhang, Li, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Xia, Wang, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Hu, et al, 2019; Li, Sun, Zhang, Feng, et al, 2019; Li, Wang, et al, 2019; Li, Yuan, Gao, et al, 2019; Rabello et al, 2019). Adsorption is an important way to remove EPs, and the substrate, soil, and sediment of packed bed in CWs play major roles in adsorption (Nguyen, Chao, & Chen, 2019; Nguyen, Afzal, et al, 2019; Sardana, Cottrell, Soulsby, & Aziz, 2019; Zhao, Yan, et al, 2019; Zhao, Jian, et al, 2019).…”

“…The main factors affecting the membrane separation efficiency include membrane characteristics (i.e., membrane flux, membrane pore size, hydrophobicity) and pollutant characteristics (i.e., molecular weight, solubility, charge). At present, the research of membrane treatment is mainly focused on optimizing the process and developing the combined process of membrane treatment and other processes (Fan, Luo, et al, 2019; Fan, Li, et al, 2019; Li, Gao, et al, 2019; Li, Li, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Zeng, et al, 2019; Li, Liu, Zhang, Li, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Xia, Wang, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Hu, et al, 2019; Li, Sun, Zhang, Feng, et al, 2019; Li, Wang, et al, 2019; Li, Yuan, Gao, et al, 2019).…”

“…Li, Gao, et al (2019), Li, Li, et al (2019), Li, Zhang, Zeng, et al (2019), Li, Liu, Zhang, Li, et al (2019), Li, Zhang, Xia, Wang, et al (2019), Li, Zhang, Hu, et al (2019), Li, Sun, Zhang, Feng, et al (2019), Li, Wang, et al (2019), Li, Yuan, Gao, et al (2019)) studied the adsorption of three EPs (i.e., 1H‐benzotriazole (BTA), 5‐methyl‐1H‐benzotriazole (TTA), and 1‐hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT)) and Cu 2+ in water by gemini surfactant‐modified montmorillonite (GSMM). The whole experiments were divided into two categories: the single adsorption of Cu 2+ by GSMM and the simultaneous adsorption of Cu 2+ and three EPs by GSMM.…”

“…As a treatment method for EPs, electrochemical oxidation (EO) has the advantages of high efficiency and good controllability (Li, Gao, et al, 2019; Li, Li, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Zeng, et al, 2019; Li, Liu, Zhang, Li, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Xia, Wang, et al, 2019; Li, Zhang, Hu, et al, 2019; Li, Sun, Zhang, Feng, et al, 2019; Li, Wang, et al, 2019; Li, Yuan, Gao, et al, 2019). However, there are some disadvantages, such as easy to produce degradation intermediates and electrode deactivation.…”