Research and Application of Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate-Degrading Enzymes

Abstract

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) are widely distributed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix in the form of proteoglycan, where they participate in various biological processes. The diverse functions of CS/DS can be mainly attributed to their high structural variability. However, their structural complexity creates a big challenge for structural and functional studies of CS/DS. CS/DS-degrading enzymes with different specific activities are irreplaceable tools that could be used to solve this problem. Depending on the site of action, CS/DS-degrading enzymes can be classified as glycosidic bond-cleaving enzymes and sulfatases from animals and microorganisms. As discussed in this review, a few of the identified enzymes, particularly those from bacteria, have wildly applied to the basic studies and applications of CS/DS, such as disaccharide composition analysis, the preparation of bioactive oligosaccharides, oligosaccharide sequencing, and potential medical application, but these do not fulfill all of the needs in terms of the structural complexity of CS/DS.

A Concise Review of Extraction and Characterization of Chondroitin Sulphate from Fish and Fish Wastes for Pharmacological Application

“…CS biosynthesis is a multistep and complex process achieved through enzymatic processes in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi compartments [ 24 ]. It starts with a GAG-protein linkage region covalently attached to specifically serine residues that are embedded in different core proteins [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. There are multiple enzymes involved in this process ( Table 1 ).…”

“…Sulfotransferases using 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate as a donor substrate can site-specifically alter GalNAc or GlcA/IdoA residues [ 29 ]. Space–time-dependent expression and simultaneous action of these enzymes make the CS/DS chain structure complex, limiting structural and functional studies [ 24 ].…”

“…Therefore, it inhibited the recovery of the function of the lesion. However, some other studies reported that injecting CSase ABC induces abnormal axon growth or enhances axon regeneration in zebrafish, adult rats, mice, and cats (see review [ 24 ]).…”

Evaluation of Two Methods for Quantification of Glycosaminoglycan Biomarkers in Newborn Dried Blood Spots from Patients with Severe and Attenuated Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II

“…Comparatively, D0a4 levels in MPS-I newborn DBS are slightly more elevated, with a minimum differential of 1.5-fold for severe MPS-I newborn DBS [ 16 ]. One possible explanation for this difference between MPS-I and MPS-II D0a4 levels is that 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues occur in dermatan sulfate in relatively low proportions compared to non-sulfated iduronic acid residues [ 30 ]. Due to the relatively lower occurrence of iduronic acid 2-O-sulfation (which accumulate in MPS-II) compared to overall iduronic acid residues (which accumulate in MPS-I), it is logical that the overall accumulation of dermatan sulfate in MPS-II patients would be lower than in MPS-I patients.…”

Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate-Protein Interactions and Their Biological Functions in Human Diseases: Implications and Analytical Tools

“…A single polysaccharide chain generally contains different disaccharide units, and CS and DS are usually classified by their most abundant disaccharide units. For example, the CS-A chain contains not only the dominant A unit but also relatively small amounts of C units and O units (Wang W. et al, 2020). The diversity of CS/DS structures leads to different biological functions, but it also brings great challenges to the study of corresponding structurefunction relationships.…”