A Concise Review of Extraction and Characterization of Chondroitin Sulphate from Fish and Fish Wastes for Pharmacological Application

Abstract

Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is one of the most predominant glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) available in the extracellular matrix of tissues. It has many health benefits, including relief from osteoarthritis, antiviral properties, tissue engineering applications, and use in skin care, which have increased its commercial demand in recent years. The quest for CS sources exponentially increased due to several shortcomings of porcine, bovine, and other animal sources. Fish and fish wastes (i.e., fins, scales, skeleton, bone, and cartilage) are suitable sources of CS as they are low cost, easy to handle, and readily available. However, the lack of a standard isolation and characterization technique makes CS production challenging, particularly concerning the yield of pure GAGs. Many studies imply that enzyme-based extraction is more effective than chemical extraction. Critical evaluation of the existing extraction, isolation, and characterization techniques is crucial for establishing an optimized protocol of CS production from fish sources. The current techniques depend on tissue hydrolysis, protein removal, and purification. Therefore, this study critically evaluated and discussed the extraction, isolation, and characterization methods of CS from fish or fish wastes. Biosynthesis and pharmacological applications of CS were also critically reviewed and discussed. Our assessment suggests that CS could be a potential drug candidate; however, clinical studies should be conducted to warrant its effectiveness.

Nanoparticles Based on Chondroitin Sulfate from Tuna Heads and Chitooligosaccharides for Enhanced Water Solubility and Sustained Release of Curcumin

“…The concentration of enzyme used and incubation time significantly influence hydrolysis efficiency and CS yield. The papain enzyme used in this study was one of the most often employed enzymes that has been proven for its ability to release CS from different kinds of fish raw materials [ 1 , 4 ]. Based on the obtained results, an enzyme concentration of 1% w / w and a reaction time of 48 h were chosen as the optimal enzyme concentration and reaction time for CS separation.…”

“…Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear, negatively charged polysaccharides formed by covalently linked disaccharide units. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated GAG whose formulation displays a variation in molecular structure depending on the source of materials and separation methods [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], resulting in distinct biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anticoagulant, and antithrombogenic activities, and anti-viral and anti-metastatic properties [ 2 , 4 , 5 ]. Recently, fish by-product cartilages have gained interest in the production of CS, which traditionally uses cartilage from mammals and poultry, due to their lower environmental impact and health risk [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

“…The majority of by-product components were contributed by the head fraction [ 12 , 16 ]. To date, despite some available information on the CS extracted from the head cartilage of edible bony fishes such as sturgeon and salmon have been revealed, showing that the head cartilage of bony fishes is a promising source for the preparation of CS [ 3 , 4 , 6 ], this information is still lacking for the CS extracted from the head cartilage of some commercially valuable tunas.…”

“…In recent years, polysaccharides have attracted a lot of attention as not only polymers for drug delivery but also therapeutics because of their versatility and distinct characteristics, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and easy alteration and modification [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. CS has a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries as a favorable biomaterial that has been applied extensively in the fields of drug delivery and tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and easy synthesis properties [ 4 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. It is known that CS cannot produce a prolonged drug-release profile due to its water solubility [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Post hoc analysis of the results of KOLIBRI comparative observational clinical study in patients with knee and small hand joints osteoarthritis

“…Благоприятные результаты, которые наблюдались под влиянием терапии ХС у больных ОА, определяют высокий спрос на препарат, который в настоящее время покрывается в основном за счет получения ХС из хрящевой ткани коров, свиней и акул. Однако указанные источники не позволяют полностью удовлетворить существующие потребности в качественных исходных материалах из-за риска, связанного с присутствием вирусов и прионов [23]. Поэтому получение препаратов ХС с использованием в качестве сырья мелкой морской рыбы может представлять особый интерес.…”