Research advancement on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their potential biomedical applications

The effect of temperature on the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles by the coprecipitation method

“…Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) possess enormous potential in various technological applications, and they are gaining increasing attention in the biomedical field due to their superparamagnetic properties and versatility, particularly magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ) [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] ]. Several examples can be cited, and they are frequently seen in the literature, such as cancer treatment by hyperthermia [ 5 ], tissue engineering and medical implants [ 6 ], and nanomaterial substrates that support stem cell growth [ 7 ].…”

“…The coprecipitation method is widely used to synthesize MNPs and is considered the gold standard in the literature [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , 8 ]. In this chemical process, homogeneous solutions containing the ions to be precipitated are mixed.…”

“…In comparison to other methods known in the literature such as hydrothermal [ 17 ], sol-gel [ 18 ], microemulsions [ 19 ], Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) [ 20 ], the coprecipitation method efficiently as it is a simple, quick method high yields, purity, low cost and produces a large amount of nanoparticles with a low degree of oxidation [ [2] , [3] , [4] ]. The characteristics and material integrity are maintained over long periods [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]. It is important to obtain highly stable nanoparticles with high biocompatibility to avoid intoxicating the patient [ 1 , 3 , 4 , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] ].…”

“…The characteristics and material integrity are maintained over long periods [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]. It is important to obtain highly stable nanoparticles with high biocompatibility to avoid intoxicating the patient [ 1 , 3 , 4 , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] ]. The MNPs must present a superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature to prevent particle aggregation, which could hinder their transport within veins and arteries and cause clogging [ 3 , 21 , 22 ].…”

“…The method involves preheating the basic solution before precipitating to form the particles. This variable significantly affects the nucleation process of the material and phase changes of the iron oxide [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , 24 ]. To ensure precision and integrity in certain applications in biomedicine, it is necessary to determine an optimal temperature that presents greater stability.…”