Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% Renewable Scenarios

Giurco, Damien; Dominish, Elsa; Florin, Nick; Watari, Takuma; McLellan, Benjamin

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2_11

Cited by 44 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In this scenario, material technology plays an essential role in meeting the growing demand for energy in the economy (Starr, 2006). Giurco et al (2019) Suggest that with the fast green energy growth and the transport system electrification needed in the 1.5 °C scenarios, the demands for resources, especially cobalt and lithium, are also growing significantly. The OECD (2015) reported that it needs aggressive policies to address these challenges scale to promote a significant increase in resource usage, mainly through technological progress and innovation.…”

Section: Renewable Energy Economic Growth and Environmental Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of material footprint in BRICS countries: an empirical analysis

Sahoo

Saini

Villanthenkodath

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This paper explores the relationship between renewable energy consumption, urbanization, human capital, trade, natural resources, and material footprint for BRICS countries from 1990 to 2016. We apply the cross-sectional dependency test to check the correlation among the crosssection. Then, we use the second-generation panel test like CADF and CIPS to check the stationary in the series. After that, we go for the panel cointegration test, i.e., Pedroni and Westerlund panel cointegration, to know the long-run relationship of the variable. The test results reject the null hypothesis of no cointegration among the variables and accept cointegration. The long-run results indicate that economic growth, natural resources, renewable energy, and urbanization have reduced the environmental quality for BRICS countries in case of material footprint employed to measure environmental degradation. However, foreign trade, human capital improves environmental quality. Based on the empirical results, the study recommended some important policy suggestions to achieve sustainable development in BRICS countries.

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Section: Renewable Energy Economic Growth and Environmental Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of material footprint in BRICS countries: an empirical analysis

Sahoo

Saini

Villanthenkodath

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Worldwide demand for Cobalt due to lithium batteries in 100% RE systems could exceed reserves even with high recycling rates and improvement in technologies. Similarly, lithium reserves may also be exceeded without high recycling rates [45], p. 446.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Decentral Heat Pump Operation on Electricity Storage Requirements in Germany

Hilpert¹

2020

Energies

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Several studies show that heat pumps need to play a major role for space heating and hot water supply in highly decarbonised energy systems. The degree of elasticity of this additional electricity demand can have a significant impact on the electricity system. This paper investigates the effect of decentral heat pump flexibilisation through thermal energy storage units on electricity storage investment. The analysis is carried using an open source model for the German electricity system based on the Open Energy Modelling Framework (oemof). Results highlight the importance of flexible heat pump operation in 100% renewable energy systems and relate well to findings of other existing studies. Flexibilisation of heat pumps in the German energy system can reduce the need for electricity storage units significantly. While no impact was found for systems with a share below 80% renewable energy, investment in short term storage units is reduced by up to 42–62% in systems with shares of more than 80% renewable energy. In contrast, the impact on long term electricity storage investment was comparatively low in all modelled scenarios. Conducted sensitivity analyses show that both findings are rather insensitive with regard to the available biomass for electricity supply as well as to changes in the heat demand covered by heat pumps. Economically flexible heat pump operation has only a minor effect on system costs. However, the indirect replacement of battery with thermal energy storage units is environmentally beneficial due a lower resource consumption of minerals.

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“…al. (2019) both put demand for cobalt at over 400% of current reserves 1 by 2050, with lithium demand also exceeding 100% of reserves, assuming no major reductions in metal intensity take place [7], [11]. Recycling opportunities for lithium batteries offer mitigating effects due to existing collection channels for lead-acid vehicle batteries [18].…”

Section: Electric Vehicles: Motors and Battery Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the two types of PV panels used today, crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV panels account for approximately 95% of the global market [7]. By weight, a typical panel is composed of 76% glass, 5% silicon solar cells, 10% polymer that acts as an encapsulant and backsheet, 8% aluminum as a lightweight frame, 1% copper for interconnectors, less than 0.1% silver for contact lines, and trace amounts of other metals [25] (Figure 3).…”

Section: Solar Photovoltaics (Pv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increased use of solar photovoltaics, battery storage, and wind energy in particular have proven the economic and technical feasibility of renewables. Reports and forecasts examining the general pace and requirements of this energy transition (e.g., [2]- [7]) have demonstrated the contours of the shift, but have also raised concerns regarding its mineral and metal requirements [2]- [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reviewing the material and metal security of low-carbon energy transitions

Lee

Bazilian

Sovacool

et al. 2020

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

111

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The global transition to a low-carbon economy will involve changes in material markets and supply chains on a hitherto unknown scale and scope. With these changes come numerous challenges and opportunities related to supply chain security and sustainability. To help support decision-making as well as future research, this study employs a problem-oriented perspective while reviewing academic publications, technical reports, legal documents, and published industry data to highlight the increasingly interconnected nature of material needs and geopolitical change. The paper considers a broad set of issues including technologies, material supplies, investment strategies, communal concerns, innovations, modeling considerations, and policy trends to help contextualize policy decisions and regulatory responses. Policy options are outlined for each topical section, as well as areas for further research. Together, these recommendations serve to help guide the complex, interdisciplinary approach to materials required for a low-carbon transition.

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Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% Renewable Scenarios

Cited by 44 publications

References 21 publications

Determinants of material footprint in BRICS countries: an empirical analysis

Determinants of material footprint in BRICS countries: an empirical analysis

Effects of Decentral Heat Pump Operation on Electricity Storage Requirements in Germany

Reviewing the material and metal security of low-carbon energy transitions

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