Reproductive Toxicity of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) on Javanese Medaka (Oryziasjavanicus, Bleeker 1854)

Abstract

Compound 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) is a metabolite of several urea herbicides and intermediate chemical of several industrial products. Moreover, 3,4-DCA has been frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems around the world. This aniline is more toxic than the parent chemicals, and it affects non-target organisms. This study evaluated a 21-day reproductive response of an emerging aquatic vertebrate model, Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus), exposed to 3,4-DCA. Fecundity and gonads histopathology were observed. The spawning rate and fertilisation reduced significantly in the highest exposed-group (250 µg/L). Gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly low in females exposed to 250 µg/L. No substantial structural alteration of male gonads. However, oocyte development and ovarian cell structure were disrupted in 250 µg/L exposed females. The gonadal developmental was not affected in the males; however, a significant reduction in the developmental of female gonads was observed at 250 µg/L. These results show that 3,4-DCA interfere with the reproduction of Javanese medaka through fecundity and alteration of gonadal tissues.

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) embryos are highly sensitive to short-term 3,4-dichloroaniline exposure

“…Several studies further reported endocrinological impacts, including changes in gene expression along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and alterations of 17β-estradiol and testosterone plasma concentrations in both sexes of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) and Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) [ [29] , [30] , [31] ]. Ibrahim and co-authors [ 65 ] (2021) further documented reduced spawning rates and lowered gonadosomatic indices (GSI) in female Javanese medaka ( O. javanicus ), and 3,4-DCA exposure has also been shown to cause delayed development, altered heart rates, pericardial and yolk sac edema and various skeletal deformations fish embryos and larvae [ 24 , 32 ].…”

The Silent Threat: Exploring the Ecological and Ecotoxicological Impacts of Chlorinated Aniline Derivatives and the Metabolites on the Aquatic Ecosystem

“…As previously reported, 4-CA and 3,4-DCA have been detected at the ng/L to µg/L in the aquatic compartment ( Table 1 ) and are classified as persistent in aquatic environments, leading to potential bioaccumulation in organisms across the food web [ 52 ]. Some ecotoxicological studies have demonstrated that these compounds can disrupt behavior, growth, reproduction, and development, as well as cause sub-individual alterations ( Table 2 ) [ 38 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ].…”

Identification and functional characterization of novel plant UDP-glycosyltransferase (LbUGT72B10) for the bioremediation of 3,4-dichloroaniline

“…22 It has also been shown to be more toxic than its parent chemicals. 23 Once introduced into the environment, 3,4-DCA is rapidly absorbed by the roots and translocated to the leaves and other parts of the plant. 24 Interestingly, plants can regulate the biological activity of pollutants, pesticides, and their metabolites by converting them into less toxic compounds through a four-phase detoxication system: rst, xenobiotics are metabolically activated by "phase 1" enzymes, which then facilitates their subsequent bioconjugation with polar natural products in "phase 2" metabolism.…”

“…22 It has also been shown to be more toxic than its parent chemicals. 23 Once introduced into the environment, 3,4-DCA is rapidly absorbed by the roots and translocated to the leaves and other parts of the plant. 24…”