Reproductive factors and risk of type 2 diabetes in an occupational cohort of Chinese women

Age at natural menopause and risk of diabetes in adult women: Findings from the China Kadoorie Biobank study in the Zhejiang area

“…Consistent with previous studies showing that late menopause can increase the diabetes risk, the present findings also showed that the age at natural menopause affected type 2 diabetes risk even after adjustment for age, BMI and other potential confounders, though the cut‐off points for menopausal age differed from the previous studies. Another two studies involving menopausal age ≥53 years, which was in line with our cut‐off point for later age at menopause in the present study, showed that the association was not statistically significant after multivariable adjustment.…”

“…Both the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct study in Europe 11 and Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study in China 12 have found that early menopause is associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes. Several other studies from the USA and China [13][14][15] reported that women with late menopause had an increased diabetes risk. Meanwhile, three studies from Italy, Japan and China found no effects of age at menopause on diabetes risk [16][17][18] .…”

Menstrual and reproductive factors and type 2 diabetes risk: The Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study

“…A meta-analysis study showed that early menarche was correlated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes 11 , whereas hormone-replacement therapy in postmenopausal women was linked to a reduced risk 15 . Although the evidence is mixed, early menopause 5,6 , long or irregular menstrual cycle [16][17][18][19] and postmenopausal status 6,10 have been linked to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Here, however, we did not find any associations between these factors and type 2 diabetes risk.…”

Association of puberty timing with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…All were observational studies, and 1 additionally included a Mendelian randomisation analysis [13]. Nine studies were conducted among white individuals [18,19,24,[26][27][28][29][30][31], 13 studies among Asian individuals (Chinese, Bangladeshi, Korean, and Japanese) [12,13,20,21,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40], and 6 studies among multi-ethnic populations (white, Hispanic, Asian, African-American, and Latino) [17,[41][42][43][44][45]. Fourteen studies examined prevalent T2D [13,18,19,24,26,27,30,34,[36][37][38][39]43,45], 2 prevalent IGT [21,32], 3 prevalent T2D and IGT [28,33,35], 8 incident T...…”

“…The definitions of T2D and IGT varied across studies, and 4 studies excluded participants with potential type 1 diabetes based on age at diagnosis [24,26,42,43]. Adiposity indicators were adjusted for in 25 studies and were mostly BMI alone (n = 19) [17][18][19][20][21][26][27][28][29][30][31]35,37,[39][40][41][43][44][45], followed by both BMI and waist circumference (n = 4) [12,34,36,42], waist circumference alone (n = 1) [32], and body composition (n = 1) [24]. Early menarche was defined as AAM < 12 years in 9 studies [17,24,[29][30][31]38,[41][42][43] and <14 years in 13 studies [12,18,20,21,[32][33][34][35][36]…”