Menstrual and reproductive factors and type 2 diabetes risk: The Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study

Abstract

Higher parity might be associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes among Japanese women, partly through increasing bodyweight.

Association of puberty timing with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…All were observational studies, and 1 additionally included a Mendelian randomisation analysis [13]. Nine studies were conducted among white individuals [18,19,24,[26][27][28][29][30][31], 13 studies among Asian individuals (Chinese, Bangladeshi, Korean, and Japanese) [12,13,20,21,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40], and 6 studies among multi-ethnic populations (white, Hispanic, Asian, African-American, and Latino) [17,[41][42][43][44][45]. Fourteen studies examined prevalent T2D [13,18,19,24,26,27,30,34,[36][37][38][39]43,45], 2 prevalent IGT [21,32], 3 prevalent T2D and IGT [28,33,35], 8 incident T...…”

“…The definitions of T2D and IGT varied across studies, and 4 studies excluded participants with potential type 1 diabetes based on age at diagnosis [24,26,42,43]. Adiposity indicators were adjusted for in 25 studies and were mostly BMI alone (n = 19) [17][18][19][20][21][26][27][28][29][30][31]35,37,[39][40][41][43][44][45], followed by both BMI and waist circumference (n = 4) [12,34,36,42], waist circumference alone (n = 1) [32], and body composition (n = 1) [24]. Early menarche was defined as AAM < 12 years in 9 studies [17,24,[29][30][31]38,[41][42][43] and <14 years in 13 studies [12,18,20,21,[32][33][34][35][36]…”

“…Early menarche was defined as AAM < 12 years in 9 studies [17,24,[29][30][31]38,[41][42][43] and <14 years in 13 studies [12,18,20,21,[32][33][34][35][36][37]39,40,44], while the reference category of AAM was defined as AAM � 12 years in 12 studies [24,[29][30][31]33,[35][36][37][41][42][43][44] and �14 years in 10 studies [12,17,18,20,21,32,34,[38][39][40]. Furthermore, the reference category of AAM was the middle category in 12 studies [24,[29][30][31][34][3...…”

“…Furthermore, the reference category of AAM was the middle category in 12 studies [24,[29][30][31][34][35][36]39,[41][42][43][44] and the oldest category in 10 studies [12,17,18,20,21,32,33,37,38,40]. Most studies (n = 18) tested the association of AAM with T2D/IGT risk using logistic regression models and reported ORs [13,18,19,21,24,27,30,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42], while 6 studies used Cox proportional-hazards models and reported HRs [12,17,20,26,29,44], and 4 studies reported RRs using Poisson regression [28,43], log binomial regression…”

“…For models without adjustment for adiposity, most studies (n = 20/24) reported a statistically significant association with higher T2D/IGT risk for earlier menarche [12,13,17,19,20,24,26,[28][29][30][31][32][35][36][37]39,[41][42][43][44] or earlier voice breaking [24]; only 3 reported no association [34,38,40], and 1 study reported that earlier menarche was associated with lower T2D/IGT risk [33]. For models with adjustment for adiposity, some studies (n = 11/24) reported a statistically significant association with higher T2D/IGT risk for earlier menarche [12,24,28,[30][31][32][35][36][37]39,43] or earlier voice breaking [24], but other studies did not (n = 11) [17][18][19][20][21]26,27,34,40,…”