Reproduction Life History and Hip Fractures

Petersen, Hans; Jeune, Bernard; Vaupel, James W.; Christensen, Kaare

doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(01)00275-7

Cited by 28 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The information about hip fractures was obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Register, which has been reported to be a reliable and accurate source of information concerning fractures requiring hospital treatment [35,36]. Our results agree with earlier findings in cross-sectional [15,20] and prospective [16][17][18] studies showing a bonesparing effect of childbearing. In accordance with the results of Hillier et al [17] and Michaëlsson et al [20], we found a gradually reduced risk of hip fracture along with an increasing parity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Parity and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women

et al. 2010

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Nulliparity has been proposed to be a risk factor for hip fractures [13,[15][16][17][18][19], and some studies have shown gradually reduced risks along with increasing parity [17,20]; however, the results have not been uniform [21][22][23], and this question therefore remains unresolved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parity and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women

et al. 2010

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“…However, in humans, there are reports of case studies where lactation-induced osteoporosis did lead to limb fracture (Clemetson et al 2004) suggesting that its effects may be significant. Paradoxically repeated bouts of lactation appear to have a protective effect in humans on later life risks of fracture attached to osteoporosis (Hoffman et al 1993;Jacobsen et al 1998;Michaelsson et al 2001;Petersen et al 2002;Naves et al 2005). This suggests that in the post-weaning period regrowth of bone is overcompensated.…”

Section: Indirect Costs (A) Optional Compensatory Costs (I) Thermoregmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physiological costs of reproduction in small mammals

Speakman

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

634

694

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Life-history trade-offs between components of fitness arise because reproduction entails both gains and costs. Costs of reproduction can be divided into ecological and physiological costs. The latter have been rarely studied yet are probably a dominant component of the effect. A deeper understanding of life-history evolution will only come about once these physiological costs are better understood. Physiological costs may be direct or indirect. Direct costs include the energy and nutrient demands of the reproductive event, and the morphological changes that are necessary to facilitate achieving these demands. Indirect costs may be optional 'compensatory costs' whereby the animal chooses to reduce investment in some other aspect of its physiology to maximize the input of resource to reproduction. Such costs may be distinguished from consequential costs that are an inescapable consequence of the reproductive event. In small mammals, the direct costs of reproduction involve increased energy, protein and calcium demands during pregnancy, but most particularly during lactation. Organ remodelling is necessary to achieve the high demands of lactation and involves growth of the alimentary tract and associated organs such as the liver and pancreas. Compensatory indirect costs include reductions in thermogenesis, immune function and physical activity. Obligatory consequential costs include hyperthermia, bone loss, disruption of sleep patterns and oxidative stress. This is unlikely to be a complete list. Our knowledge of these physiological costs is currently at best described as rudimentary. For some, we do not even know whether they are compensatory or obligatory. For almost all of them, we have no idea of exact mechanisms or how these costs translate into fitness trade-offs.

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“…Figure 1 shows the results of the literature search and selection. Finally, 10 articles [11][12][13][14][28][29][30][31][32] of 19 independent reports were included in our analysis. Table 1 presents the information extracted from the included studies published between 1966 and 2014.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nulliparity has been reported to be a risk factor for HF [7,[11][12][13][14][15]. Some studies have shown evidence for decreasing risk of HF associated with increased parity [11,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%