“…Open innovation is crucial for emerging economy firms who wish to catch up with or leapfrog their developed economy counterparts (Asakawa et al, 2014; Kafouros et al, 2015; Zhou et al, 2022). Prior research has explored the antecedents and capabilities necessary for emerging economy firms to implement open innovation (Naqshbandi et al, 2019; Melo et al, 2021; Scaliza et al, 2022) and has tested its performance implications, finding both positive and negative relationships (Pai et al, 2012; Rojas et al, 2018; Collinson and Liu, 2019; Perez et al, 2019; Torres de Oliveira et al, 2022). But the international dimension of emerging economy firm openness has received scant attention (Fu, Fu, et al, 2022; Fu, Li, et al, 2022).…”