Representação política e conexão territorial: uma etnografia de vereadores e >i<brokers>/i< em São Paulo

Abstract

Este trabalho não poderia ter sido realizado sem a colaboração, paciência e disposição ao diálogo das pessoas que se tornaram minhas interlocutoras no campo. O imperativo de preservar suas identidades me impede de nomeá-las aqui, mas a todas elas, minha admiração e profunda gratidão pelo que me ensinaram ao longo desses anos de convívio.O resultado desta tese é também fruto da minha inserção em diferentes âmbitos da vida. Aproveito a oportunidade para reconhecer a trajetória que me trouxe até aqui e expressar gratidão àqueles que me apresentaram o método etnográfico ainda na graduação, aos que foram colegas de trabalho na Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo, com quem descobri as engrenagens das burocracias, àqueles que me acolheram na Ciência Política, de onde bebi e me inspirei teoricamente, e a quem navega comigo pelos meandros da arte, com quem aprendo ao mesmo tempo a despertencer e fazer costuras.Em especial, gostaria nomear algumas pessoas e instituições que contribuíram com esta pesquisa e participaram da minha vida nos últimos anos. O que listo a seguir mistura reconhecimento público e um diálogo pessoal. Agradeço: Ao meu orientador, Eduardo Marques, a quem devo meu amadurecimento como pesquisadora. Obrigada por ter generosamente aberto tantas oportunidades de inserção no mundo acadêmico, inclusive, internacionalmente, pela paciência com meu processo nada linear de escrita, por confiar e dar linha para o que, por vezes, era apenas intuição, e por ter notado que eu usava desavisadamente o termo conexão territorial, que se tornou tão central na tese!

The Bureaucratic Politics of Urban Land Rights: (Non)Programmatic Distribution in São Paulo’s Land Regularization Policy

“…These recent works review and expand previous research on politics in Latin American cities, which explained the roots of clientelism among the urban poor (Auyero 2000), and the varying types of relations between informal settlement dwellers and politicians (Gay 1994). As the quid pro quo typically equated to clientelism is rarely found in empirical accounts (Hicken and Nathan 2020), scholars underscore the lack of conceptual fit and explore the persistence of nonprogrammatic politics in varied and complex local arrangements (Rivadulla 2012;Hoyler 2022), revealing that legislators and other politicians may provide constituency services to allow citizens to benefit from services they are entitled to but can hardly access (Bussell 2019;Hoyler 2022). As Heller and colleagues (2023, 84) argue, research on brokerage may thus benefit from differentiating between "(a) highly dependence-inducing and autonomy-eroding (classic clientelism), (b) asymmetrical but strategic and competitive, or in fact (c) approximates [of ] constituency service," considering their divergent consequences for democracy.…”

“…The local government carries on a policy of land regularization for low-income communities, granting titles to households in favelas and irregular subdivisions (Marques and Pulhez 2021). In the city, brokerage is a common practice adopted by municipal councilors to provide services-including land regularization-to their constituencies and build political representation (Hoyler 2022). These municipal legislators intermediate citizens' demands for land tenure security and push the housing bureaucracy to deliver land titles to the informal settlements among their electorate.…”

Itineraries and forms of management in the awarding of commendations by São Paulo municipal councillors: an exercise in researching with

“…A series of works has explored the relationship between such rituals and the efforts to constitute the State (see Anderson, 1983;Hobsbawm & Ranger, 1997;Gupta, 2012;Hull, 2012;Riles, 2006)). The role of the rites lies precisely in the effect that their repeated mobilisation and formalization has on constituting a tradition able to sediment an official history as we have argued in Hoyler andCampos (2019) -or, as Pinto (2013: 20) suggests, a form of inventing history, "since they become 'crystalized' in official documents and may (or may not) be mobilised to tell the history of cities, the nation, a government or the legislative power. "…”

“…As the author further remarks, the importance of the rites also resides in their effects on the actors involved in their production and reproduction. Other works that examine the topic either directly (Pinto, 2013) or indirectly (Kuschnir, 2000;Hoyler, 2022) have shown that, through the distributions of tributes and commendations, councillors make evident who forms part of their political group and try to become more closely associated with those they wish to link with their image. This set of actions, therefore, is among the array of activities responsible for constituting and mobilizing networks of support for politicians and their mandates.…”

“…Yet there remained in the air, almost like a pulga atrás da orelha, a 'flea behind the ear,' a persistent itch, the sense of a dynamic existing between lawmakers and the body of bureaucrats from the Council during the sessions that was difficult for her as a researcher to access. After she had presented her research project and it had been formally 'protocoled' and processed, having deployed all the icons of academic prestige to obtain permission, Hoyler (2022) gained access to the galleries where the legislative aides -hired by the cabinets, not the permanent staff of the SPMC -watch the Plenary Sessions. Although this area provided an ample view of the hall, this was still not close enough.…”