Reported analgesic and anaesthetic administration to rodents undergoing experimental surgical procedures

Stokes, E L; Flecknell, P. A.; Richardson, Claire

doi:10.1258/la.2008.008020

Cited by 171 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In addition to animal welfare, pain must be minimized to avoid confounding experimental outcomes (Chi, 2015). Spontaneous pain is the most common complication after surgery (Stokes, 2009). Furthermore, we found that the minimum dosage of 25 mg/b.w is not enough to alleviate pain.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applications of Rat Grimace Scale Method in Postoperative Pain Management in Rats

Dreanca¹,

Bel²,

Sevastre³

et al. 2017

BUASVMCN-VM

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Nowadays, 3R (replacement, reduction, refinement) concept lies in the core of laboratory animals science, one of the most important refinement strategies being the pain control. Rat Grimace Scale (RGS) is an actual and effective method used to assess pain in laboratory animals. The purpose of this study was to find the most effective post surgery analgesic protocol, by grading the changes in the animal's facial expression. In the present study we used 5 Wistar rats, one as control and four animals subjected to ovariectomy. Tramadol was administrated subcutaneously as it follows: 1 rat in pre-surgery dose of 25 mg/kg, 2 rats in post-surgery a dose of 25 mg/kg and respectively 50 mg/kg. The evaluation of pain was done across at the time 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours post-surgery using the scores of 0, 1 and 2, 0 representing the absence of pain, 1 a moderate level of pain and 2 a high level of pain. The results of the study revealed that the spayed rat without Tramadol presented the highest level of pain (1.25 -1.75). The pre-surgery analgesia enhanced the narcosis effect, but analgesia had a short term effect, with a moderate to high level of pain (1 -1.5). To the animal treated with a dose of 25 mg/kg post-surgery, a moderate pain level was observed (0.5 -1.25) and to the animal with the highest dose an optimal analgesia was determined (0.25). The expected analgesic effect was put forward by the 50 mg/kg dose of Tramadol and the RGS method was found to be suitable for the assessment of animal suffering in surgical experimental procedures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, each year, millions of rats undergo surgery for research purposes, but only 20% of researches worldwide reported the administration of analgesics after surgery. The treatment of pain itself varies , drug and dosage varies from institution to institution without a scientific assessment of the analgesic efficiency (Stokes, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Rat Grimace Scale Method in Postoperative Pain Management in Rats

Dreanca¹,

Bel²,

Sevastre³

et al. 2017

BUASVMCN-VM

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“…12 Group sizes for rodent studies tend to be larger than studies involving use of larger laboratory species, and rodents are likely to be housed in groups, adding to the challenge of assessing individual animals; the median 'study' size for 'large' laboratory species was 15 compared to 40 for laboratory rodents in papers published during the same period. 1 Similarly, some of the cages used for rodents (including opaque and individually ventilated cages) and cage furnishings (including shelters and nesting materials) may provide barriers to observing the animals. 12 Finally, since rats and mice are nocturnal, pain-associated behaviours may be more obvious in the hours when staffing levels are lowest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reported analgesic administration to rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates undergoing experimental surgical procedures

2009

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Reported analgesic use following experimental surgery is low in rodents and there has been little published information on the frequency of analgesic use in other laboratory species. A structured literature review was conducted to examine analgesic administration in larger laboratory animals. The Scirus search engine was used to identify studies published in peer-reviewed journals that reported carrying out experimental surgery on 'large' laboratory animals, specifically rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates. Seventy-four studies between 2000 and 2001 and 75 studies between 2005 and 2006 were included in the review. There was an increase in the reported administration of systemic analgesics to these species from 50% in 2000-2001 to 63% in 2005-2006. When all agents with analgesic properties were considered (systemic analgesics, local anaesthetics and anaesthetics with analgesic components), the proportion of papers that reported some form of analgesic administration to 'large' laboratory animals increased from 86% in 2000-2001 to 89% in 2005-2006. Overall rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates were more likely to receive analgesics following potentially painful experimental procedures than has been reported in laboratory rodents but analgesic administration to 'large' laboratory species is still not optimal.

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“…The absence of administration of analgesic agents to animals undergoing surgical procedures is against the refinement used to alleviate pain (Coulter C.A. et al, 2011, Stokes E.L. et al, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mouse and the rat in surgical research. The anesthetic approach

Chaniotakis

Spyrliadis

Katsimpoulas

et al. 2018

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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The mouse and the rat are currently overwhelmingly preferred as laboratory animals. Surgical research on animals requires anesthesia and analgesia to obtain adequate immobility and to reduce stress and pain. Small rodent anesthesia is challenging for several reasons including the animals’ size, metabolic rate, high risk of hypothermia and difficulty in monitoring. The purpose of this study is to create an overview of the information in the anesthetic practices for small rodents, in particular mice and rats.

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Reported analgesic and anaesthetic administration to rodents undergoing experimental surgical procedures

Cited by 171 publications

References 12 publications

Applications of Rat Grimace Scale Method in Postoperative Pain Management in Rats

Applications of Rat Grimace Scale Method in Postoperative Pain Management in Rats

Reported analgesic administration to rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates undergoing experimental surgical procedures

The mouse and the rat in surgical research. The anesthetic approach

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